Attachment-Cultural Variations Flashcards
Key study- van Izjendoorn and Kroonenburg (1988)
Procedure:
Meta analyisis of how many studies?
Altogether how many strange situation classification were examined
From how many countries
What were the two main things they were observing in respect to cultural differences?
Findings of 32 studies of attachment behaviour
2000
In eight different countries
Inter-cultural difference (differences between contries and cultures) and intra-cultural differences (differences within the same culture)
Ijzeendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)
Findings
What was the most common classification in every country
What the second most common attachment (with the exception of Israel and Japan which were known as collectivist cultures)?
Variation within cultures was “❓.❓” times greater than the variations between cultures
What conclusion was drawn?
What does it tell us about secure attachment?
And ultimately what does it show about attachment?
Secure attachment
Insecure Avoidant
1️⃣.5️⃣
Global patterns were similar to that of found in the US.
Supports ideas that SA is the best for healthy social and emotional development
Support the view that attachment is an innate and biological process.
Cultural similarities
How did Tronick et al. (1992) study of the Effe Tribes supports Isjendoorn and Kroonenbergs findings?
👩🏿🍼
While they had difference childrearing practices (children looked after and breastfed by different women) = at 6 months they still showed one primary attachment
Cultural differences
What did Grossmann and Grossmann (1991) find out about German infants classification and the reason?
What did Takahashi (1990) conclude from studying 60 middle-class Japanses infants
Reaction to being alone from Japanese infants?
What causes this behaviour?
Tended to be insecurely attached due to German culture involving keeping interpersonal distance between parents and children so infants do not engage in proximity-seeking (therefore appear insecurely attached)
Similar rates of secure artachment to that found by Ainsworth
No evidence of insecure avoidant attachment
High rates of insecure resistant attachment (32%)
Extreme distress- for 90% of infants the ditsy was stopped at this point
Japan infant would rarely experience separation from their mothers
Conclusion
The strongest attachments were still formed with the infant’s mother
The differences in patterns of attachment can be related to differences in cultural attitude and practices.
Conclusion
The strongest attachments were still formed with the infant’s mother
The differences in patterns of attachment can be related to differences in cultural attitude and practices.a
Evaluation-
Similarities may not be innately determined-
Bowlby believed attachment was an innate mechanism
What did Izjendoorn Kroonenberg suggest explained some cultural similarities in attachment? 📺📚
Mass media that spread ideas about parenting (🌍 exposed to similar influences)
↪️cultural a similarities may be due to our increasingly global culture rather the biological innate influences
Evaluation-
Nature rather than a culture-
What were Izjeendorn and Kroonenberg actually comparing?
What did they fail to acknowledge
Izjendoorn and Sagi (2001- difference in urban and rural settings
They were actually comparing nations instead of cultures (compared Japan to the Us)
Failed to acknowledge difference subcultures with would’ve had difference childrearing practices
Tokyo = similar distribution of attachment types to the Western studies
Rural sample = found an over-representation of insecure-resistant individuals
Evaluation-
Cross cultural research-
Issue with the methodology of test?
Japansse example
Psychologist measured attachment with a Western criteria in places which would haves e a different opinion on attachment which would lead to a varied results (imposed Eric)
E.g. Japanses children appear insecurely attached by Western Criteria whereas they are securely attached by Japanese standards =research lacks validity
