Attachment-caregiver-infant reaction Flashcards
Reciprocity
Definition?
Responding to the action of another with assimilate action where the action of one partners elicits a response from the other partner (not necessarily similar as in intersectional synchrony)
Jaffe et al. (1973)
What did they find out between infant and caregiver?
Infants coordinated actions with caregiver in a kind of conversation
Brazelton (1979)
How did they link the basic conversational rhythm between infant and caregiver and later communication?
It is an important precursor for later communication
The infants signals and caregivers response lays the foundation for later attachment between caregiver an infant.
Intersectional synchrony
Definition? 🎭
Interaction where there tends to be a mirroring of facial and body movements (including emotions and behaviours)
Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted first systematic study into I S 🎭
What did they find out
👶🏽👶🏽
Procedure?
👶🏽👦🏽… 📽
Infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial expressions and hand gestures
The use of an adult model using one of 3 facial expressions and hand gesture
Dummy placed intitially in infant during until display, it was then removed and Childs expression recorded
What behavioural categories were used in Meltzoff and Moore study?
- mouth opening
- Termination of mouth opening
- tongue protrusion
- termination of tongue protrusion
How many times did judges watch tapes?
What was calculated?
Twice
Intra-observer and inter-observer reliability… All scores were greater than 0.92
Later study Meltzoff and Moore (1983)
What did they find with 3 day old infants?
What did this show?
A similar result of their initial study with an association of infant and model behaviour
Rule out possibility that imitation behaviours are learned
Real or pseudo-imitation
Meltzoff and Moore proposed imitation is interminable
Evidence to support this view
Murray and Tevarthen (1985)
Two month old infant -
interacted with real mother via a video monitor in real time
Later interacted a tape of a mother not responding to infants facial and bodily gestures was played on the monitor
resulted in acute distress where infant would tried to attract attention but with no success turned away
Shows infant was actively seeking a response rather than displaying a response that was rewarded
What does infant’s active and intentional partnering in a mother-infant interaction support?
That such behaviours are infants rather than learned
Evaluation-
Problems with testing infant behaviour
Infants mouth are in constant motion… What does this make hard?
To distinguish between general activity and specific imitated behaviours
How did Meltzoff and Moore overcome the problem of general infant behaviour over specific reactions?
What did this do to internal validity?
Measures infant responses by filming infants then asking as observer to judge infants behaviour from the video (the judge had no idea what behaviour was being imitated)
Certainly increased internal validity of the data⬆️⬆️
Evaluation:
Failure to replicate findings-
Koepke et al. (1983) failed to replicate findings
What did Meltzoff and Moore counter argue?
Their study was less carefully controlled
Evaluation
Marian et al. (1996) replicate Murray and Trevarrhen study and found infants couldn’t distinguish from live from videotaped interactions with their mothers
What does this suggest?
What did Marian also acknowledge of how the procedure may’ve influenced results?
Infants are not actually responding to the adult.
Acknowledged the problem may lie with the procedure rather than the ability of infants to imitate the caregiver.
Evaluation-
Is this behaviour intentional?
Abravenal and Deyoung (1991) observed infant behaviour when interaction with two inanimate objects (one stimulating tongue movements 👅 and the other mouth opening and closing 🗣)
What did they find?
What was concluded?
They found infants of a median age of 5 and 12 weeks made little response to the objects
Concluded that infants do not just imitate anything they see (it’s in fact a specific social response to humans)
