explanations for forgetting - retrieval failure

Question 1

what did Tulving and Thompson (1973) say about retrieval failure?

Answer 1

memory is most effective if information that was present at encoding is also available at the time of retrieval. The closer the cue to the original, the more useful it is.

Question 2

which type of memory store is associated with retrieval failure?

Answer 2

long term memory

Question 3

what is retrieval failure?

Answer 3

a form of forgetting. It occurs when we don’t have the necessary cues to access memory. The memory is available but not accessible unless a suitable cue is provided.

Question 4

what is context dependent forgetting?

Answer 4

recall of knowledge is greater when the context present during learning and retrieval are the same. When the context is different, it is more difficult to retrieve information.

Question 5

Godden and Baddely (1975)

Answer 5

Divers learned a word list on land or underwater and were then tested on land or underwater. The highest recall was web the initial context matched the recall environment.

Question 6

what is state-dependent forgetting?

Answer 6

occurs when your mood or physiological state during recall is different from the mood you were in when you were learning.

Question 7

Goodwin et al (1969)

Answer 7

• State-dependent forgetting
• Had to learn and recall a list of words when either drunk or sober
• Participants learning and recalling in the same condition performed better

Question 8

research support for the importance of cues?

Answer 8

Gallagher (2017) tested whether including information from class lectures in test items as retrieval cues enhanced student performance on tests. Performance on identical test items with and without these cues showed that the ‘included cues’ group recalled significantly more than the ‘no cues group, suggesting that the selections