Expansion in Africa (1890-1914) Flashcards
When was Lugard commissioned to build a native force in Nigeria
1897
Why was Lugard commissioned build a native force in Nigeria
to protect British interests around the Lagos colony and against French aggression
When and why did Lugard stop being the commander of the Western African Frontier Force (WAFF)
in 1899 when French disputes were resolved
When was initially agreed that the three British protectorates of the Niger would be amalgamated
1898
What were the three British protectorates of the Niger
Lagos, Northern and Southern Nigeria
When did Lugard become the high commissioner of the protectorate of Northern Nigeria
1900
How did Lugard administer Nigeria and why did he administer it this way
Through indirect rule as it was a large area and there was inadequate supply of money and men
When did Lagos and Nigeria amalgamate
26th February 1906
Why did Lugard return to Nigeria in 1911
to conclude the amalgamation of Southern Nigeria and Northern
When did all three territories officially amalgamate
1914
What were the British imports from the cape by 1891
7.7 million
When was the railway to Delagoa Bay completed
1894
Why did the railway to Delagoa Bay concern the British
as the Transvaal could export and import goods without touching British territory- economic issue
When did the Jameson Raid occur
29th December 1895
What period was Rhodes prime minister of the Cape Colony
1890-1896
Why did Jameson say they were going into the Transvaal
to support the uprising of the Uitlanders who disliked the indirect taxes imposed upon them
When did the second Boer War begin
1899
How much money had the British invested into the Transvaal by 1899
£350 million
When did the British start building the railway in Mombassa
1895
When did the Anglo-Zanzibar war begin
August 27th 1896
Why did the British initiate the Anglo-Zanzibar war
Khalid seized the throne- wasn’t British approved but he refused to stand down
How much did the British pay in grants for the development of East Africa in 1913
£2.8 million
What the strategic benefit of the railway (Mombassa to Lake Victoria)
linked respective colonies with each other and gave them access to Indian Ocean
What were Britain’s justification for the Mombassa railway
- access to new markets
- encourage colonial settlement
- exports of tea and coffee
- stopped the need for slave porters to access the interior
- protected the source of Nile against rivals
- promoted British tourism
When did the Denshawai incident occur
1906
When was the 2nd Boer War
1899-1902
What were the terms of the Treaty of Vereeriging
- Boers acknowledged themselves as British subjects
- Boer colonies became British colonies
- South Africa become single British dominion territory 1910
What was the Caisse de la Dette
- group of European countries who controlled Egyptian finances
- 1/2 countries revenue went to paying European bond holders
- could prevent British governor-general from spending Egyptian money on matters they disapproved of
When was the Entente Cordial
-1904
What was the Entente Cordial
- signed between Britain and France
- France agreed to respect British special rights over Egypt in return British respect over French special rights over Morocco
- ended the Caisse de la Dette control over Egypt
What fuelled the growing middle class nationalist movement in Egypt
British failure to: -deal with Khedive's corrupt government -help the poor -promote the Egyptian cloth-making industry Denshawi incident
Why were the British worried about French and German expansion inland in East Africa
feared that they might try to gain control of headwaters of the Nile which were vital for the welfare of Egypt
When was Sir Herbert Kitchener appointed commander in chief of the Egyptian Army
1896
When was the Battle of Omdurman
1898
When was the Fashoda Incident
1898
When was Kitchener appoint governor general of Egypt
1899
How did the British reinforce its Somaliland protectorate
administrative and military personnel in 1898
Why did the British want to reinforce Somaliland
to limit both French and Italian ambitions in that area
What was the strategic benefit of Somaliland
commanded Britain’s crucial access to the Indian Ocean and its colonies in the East
How long was the Uganda Railway
660 miles
How much did the Uganda Railway cost the British
£5 million
When Uganda become a protectorate
1894
How many people were killed in the Battle of Omdurman
11,000 killed and 16,000 wounded
What was the nature of Gorst’s reforms in Egypt
more Egyptians in sensible gov and tried to impose tighter censorship
used various penal measures to try and quell nationalism
What was the Fashoda Incident
bungled attempt by poorly equipped French expedition to capture the fort at Fashoda in Western Sudan
almost led to war between France and Britain but French gov backed down agreeing to let Sudan be a British ‘sphere of influence’
What was the impact of the Jameson Raid
- no longer could British pursue policies in SA on coat tails of capitalists
- Rhodesia and value of charted company shores in danger
- Rhodes disowned by British gov
- British interest didn’t increase but threat increased
- Kruger refused to talk to British gov
What were the causes of the 2nd Boer War
Economic
-protect financial + commercial stakes in SA (gold and trade)
Strategic
-Sea lanes to India- assured communication with India
Imperial Rivalry
-Germany- possibly want to take Transvaal under their protection
-German + french interest increased after discovery of gold
-Lord Ripon- ‘German inclination to take Transvaal… is a v serious thing’
Individuals
-Milner+Kruger
Consequences of the 2BW
- Treaty of Vereeniging (political supremacy over the Boers)
- Concentration Camps (weakened British image)
- amalgamation of British and Boer economies
- ended British splendid isolation (war showed their vulnerability)
- for first time since Indian mutiny people wondered how long the British could hold empire
- end of pax britanica (motivations clearly not civilising)
- military reforms
- increased anglo-german antagonism
How did the British and Boers integrate their economies
Bringing them into a single custom union
amalgamating their railways
Which areas of the world did young men volunteer to fight with the Boers
Germans, French, America and Ireland
How much did the 2BW cost
£230 million
How many British troops were involved in 2BW
400,000
What military reforms took place as a result of the 2BW
-establishment of Committee of Imperial Defence
-Army reorganised under Liberal War Secetary
-National Service League set up in 1901- 270,000 members by 1914
-Eugenics Education Society (1907)- introduce measures to stop unfit people producing children
Fisher Reforms (1904)- consolidating naval power in Europe and building a new fleet of ‘unsinkable’ battle ships
