Expansion in Africa (1857-90)

Question 1

What revived British interest in Eqypt

Answer 1

The need for cotton during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865 as British cotton mills were starved- British companies began investing in production of Egyptian cotton

Question 2

What percentage of of Egypt’s imports were coming from Britain by 1870

Answer 2

40 per cent

Question 3

Which country created the Suez Canal Company in 1858

Answer 3

France

Question 4

Why did Britain initially not buy a lot shares in the Suez Canal

Answer 4

They were quite sceptical as they thought it would be unsuitable for large ships

Question 5

Why did Disraeli end up buying Isma’il Pasha’s shares in the canal?

Answer 5

As the canal had a bigger effect than the British expected- it gave them a greater control over its passage to India and an income from shipping tariffs

Question 6

How much did Disraeli buy in Suez shares in 1875

Answer 6

£4 million

Question 7

How did Livingstone spark enthusiasm of young cambridge students

Answer 7

he said that ‘I go back to Africa to try and open up a apth for commerce and Christianity’

Question 8

What title was Livingstone given in 1858

Answer 8

Consul for the East Coast of Africa

Question 9

How many letters did Livingstone send back to Britain?

Answer 9

2000 letters

Question 10

When was Livingstone rediscovered and who found him

Answer 10

He was rediscovered in 1871 by Henry Stanley

Question 11

How did the British view Livingstone

Answer 11

pictured him as a martyr who sacrificed his life for Africa and the Empire

Question 12

Why was Zanzibar of commercial interest to the British

Answer 12

due to its clove and ivory exports and it was home to E. Africa’s first steam railway

Question 13

How did John Kirk’s efforts in E. Africa help British expansion in E. Africa

Answer 13

It gave Britain the toe-hold on Africa’s east coast which was to grow into British East Africa in 1895

Question 14

When was Goldie’s United Africa Company formed

Answer 14

1879

Question 15

What was the point of the United Africa Company

Answer 15

to increase profits for European traders on the Niger by removing competition which at the time was causing the cost of palm oil to rise

Question 16

Why did the river Congo and the Niger become free to all nations for navigation and trade

Answer 16

due to the Berlin Conference in 1885

Question 17

When was Goldie granted a charter for his updated Royal Niger Company

Answer 17

1886

Question 18

When were diamonds found in Griqua State

Answer 18

1871

Question 19

When did the Anglo-Zulu War take place

Answer 19

Jan 1879

Question 20

When did the First Boer War take place

Answer 20

1880-1881

Question 21

When did the Battle of Majuba Hill happen

Answer 21

Feb 1881

Question 22

When did the Pretoria Convention occur

Answer 22

1881

Question 23

What was the nature of the Pretoria Convention

Answer 23

It was the peace treaty which ended the First Boer War

Question 24

When was Bechuanaland annexed

Answer 24

1884

Question 25

Why did Rhodes annex Bechuanaland

Answer 25

Boer settlers had been penetrating this region while the Germans were also moving inland from the new settlement of Angra Pequena- British feared they'd link up with Boers

Question 26

When was gold discovered in Witwatersrand

Answer 26

1886

Question 27

When did the British South Africa Company receive a royal charter

Answer 27

1889

Question 28

When was the railway in the Cape completed

Answer 28

1890

Question 29

How much of an extended network did the railway give cape colony

Answer 29

2000 miles

Question 30

Why did all the Xhosa's die of starvation

Answer 30

they had superstition that killing the natives own cows would drive white men out of their country

Question 31

Why did the Anglo-Zulu War occur

Answer 31

the British didn't want the threat of any well-orgnaised native state

Question 32

How many British/Zulu's were killed

Answer 32

1200 British and 500 Zulu's

Question 33

When did Rhodes become the prime minister of Cape Colony

Answer 33

1890

Question 34

When did Mackinnon's IBEAC receive a charter

Answer 34

1888

Question 35

When did the French begin working on the canal

Answer 35

1859

Question 36

when did the Suez Canal open

Answer 36

1869

Question 37

What percentage of Egypt's imports of were coming from Britain in 1870

Answer 37

40%

Question 38

When did the Egyptian debt crisis begin

Answer 38

1875

Question 39

When was Egypt declared bankrupt

Answer 39

May 1876

Question 40

When and why did Britain and France send their navies to Egypt

Answer 40

June 1882- to protect their investments in the canal

Question 41

How big was the force the British sent to the Suez Canal in 1882

Answer 41

sent an expeditionary force of 31,000 british and Indian troops

Question 42

When did Egypt become a veiled protectorate

Answer 42

1882

Question 43

When was Cape Colony granted sensible government

Answer 43

1872

Question 44

When and why was Transvaal annexed

Answer 44

1877- due to threat of the Zulus to the local people

Question 45

When did Charles Gordon become the governor general of Sudan

Answer 45

1877

Question 46

What type of movement did the emerging political movement in Sudan turn into due to the Mahdi

Answer 46

turned into a jihadist army (seeked liberation to Sudan from outside influence)

Question 47

When was a British-Egyptian military expedition sent into Sudan

Answer 47

1883

Question 48

Why did Gladstone order Gordon to oversee the evacuation of British and Egyptian troops in Sudan

Answer 48

he was reluctant to get drawn into further conflict

Question 49

Why didn't the evacuation work in Sudan

Answer 49

the forces were overrun in January 1885 and virtually the entire garrisson was killed- Gordon was beheade

Question 50

When was the Heligoland-Zanzibar treaty signed

Answer 50

1st July 1890

Question 51

What was the nature of the treaty between Germay and Britain in 1886 over East Africa

Answer 51

they agreed what lands they would exclusively pursue. Germany- claim to the coast of the present day Tanzania Britain- retained access to the area which Kenya and Uganda lie

Question 52

Why did the British allow the IBEAC to administer the eastern territory

Answer 52

as Britain was focusing its resources in other interests which included land acquired in South Africa- reluctant to accept full responsibility for newly acknowledged region

Question 53

How much of Cape's exports came from diamonds

Answer 53

1/3

Question 54

Who was Cetshwayo

Answer 54

Was the Zulu King

Question 55

Who was Sir Bartle Frere

Answer 55

new governor of Cape Town

Question 56

Why did Sir Frere want to overthrow the Zulu Kingdom

Answer 56

his experience in India taught him it was dangerous to tolerate existence of any independent and well organised native state on an imperial frontier

Question 57

How did Frere and Shepstone engineer a war against Cetshwayo

Answer 57

-doctored reports to the colonial office making Cetshwayo look like a warlike tyrant and exaggerate size of his army

Question 58

Why did Frere and Shepstone want to engineer a war against Cetshwayo

Answer 58

hoped that once zulu kingdom was dismantled Cetshwayo's subjects would become subservient labour force at disposal of Natal's white farmers and mining companies

Question 59

What does the effort required to overthrow of Zulu Kingdom show

Answer 59

showed the importance the government attached to the achievement of paramoutcy in S Africa

Question 60

How great were the resources expelled trying to overthrow the Zulu Kingdom

Answer 60

- 27,000 oxens, 5500 mules, 30000 native porters and labourers - final bill was £4.9 million

Question 61

Strategic motivations for Suez Canal

Answer 61

Suez Canal – speedier movement of troops to India under threat of Russian invasion - Presence in Mediterranean meant that the Ottoman Empire could be supported and was a buffer to any future Russian expansion

Question 62

What was the initial task of the Berlin Conference

Answer 62

securing an agreement that both the basins and the mouths of the Congo and Niger rivers were to remain neutral and open to trade

Question 63

What did the General Act in the Berlin Conference promise

Answer 63

- all nations should be permitted to trade in the basin of the Congo and its outlets - there should be free trade in these reigons - the powers with influence in the area should help protect indigenous people and suppress the slave trade - the powers should support and protect religious, scientifc or charitable undertakings - if any power took possession of further land on the coasts of Africa it should notify the signatories of the Act

Question 64

What is effective occupation

Answer 64

a European power which could demonstrate that it had a local treaty agreement and an active administration and was able to police the territory it claimed was recognise as the rightful ruler of that territory

Question 65

Why did the Berlin Conference do little for indigenous people

Answer 65

-no African representation at the Berlin Conference and European ministers mapped out spheres of influence with little concern for natural borers or ethnic, linguistic or religious divisions