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history- british empire > Expansion in Africa (1857-90) > Flashcards

Expansion in Africa (1857-90) Flashcards

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1
Q

What revived British interest in Eqypt

A

The need for cotton during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865 as British cotton mills were starved- British companies began investing in production of Egyptian cotton

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2
Q

What percentage of of Egypt’s imports were coming from Britain by 1870

A

40 per cent

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3
Q

Which country created the Suez Canal Company in 1858

A

France

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4
Q

Why did Britain initially not buy a lot shares in the Suez Canal

A

They were quite sceptical as they thought it would be unsuitable for large ships

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5
Q

Why did Disraeli end up buying Isma’il Pasha’s shares in the canal?

A

As the canal had a bigger effect than the British expected- it gave them a greater control over its passage to India and an income from shipping tariffs

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6
Q

How much did Disraeli buy in Suez shares in 1875

A

£4 million

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7
Q

How did Livingstone spark enthusiasm of young cambridge students

A

he said that ‘I go back to Africa to try and open up a apth for commerce and Christianity’

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8
Q

What title was Livingstone given in 1858

A

Consul for the East Coast of Africa

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9
Q

How many letters did Livingstone send back to Britain?

A

2000 letters

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10
Q

When was Livingstone rediscovered and who found him

A

He was rediscovered in 1871 by Henry Stanley

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11
Q

How did the British view Livingstone

A

pictured him as a martyr who sacrificed his life for Africa and the Empire

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12
Q

Why was Zanzibar of commercial interest to the British

A

due to its clove and ivory exports and it was home to E. Africa’s first steam railway

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13
Q

How did John Kirk’s efforts in E. Africa help British expansion in E. Africa

A

It gave Britain the toe-hold on Africa’s east coast which was to grow into British East Africa in 1895

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14
Q

When was Goldie’s United Africa Company formed

A

1879

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15
Q

What was the point of the United Africa Company

A

to increase profits for European traders on the Niger by removing competition which at the time was causing the cost of palm oil to rise

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16
Q

Why did the river Congo and the Niger become free to all nations for navigation and trade

A

due to the Berlin Conference in 1885

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17
Q

When was Goldie granted a charter for his updated Royal Niger Company

A

1886

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18
Q

When were diamonds found in Griqua State

A

1871

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19
Q

When did the Anglo-Zulu War take place

A

Jan 1879

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20
Q

When did the First Boer War take place

A

1880-1881

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21
Q

When did the Battle of Majuba Hill happen

A

Feb 1881

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22
Q

When did the Pretoria Convention occur

A

1881

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23
Q

What was the nature of the Pretoria Convention

A

It was the peace treaty which ended the First Boer War

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24
Q

When was Bechuanaland annexed

A

1884

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25
Q

Why did Rhodes annex Bechuanaland

A

Boer settlers had been penetrating this region while the Germans were also moving inland from the new settlement of Angra Pequena- British feared they’d link up with Boers

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26
Q

When was gold discovered in Witwatersrand

A

1886

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27
Q

When did the British South Africa Company receive a royal charter

A

1889

28
Q

When was the railway in the Cape completed

A

1890

29
Q

How much of an extended network did the railway give cape colony

A

2000 miles

30
Q

Why did all the Xhosa’s die of starvation

A

they had superstition that killing the natives own cows would drive white men out of their country

31
Q

Why did the Anglo-Zulu War occur

A

the British didn’t want the threat of any well-orgnaised native state

32
Q

How many British/Zulu’s were killed

A

1200 British and 500 Zulu’s

33
Q

When did Rhodes become the prime minister of Cape Colony

A

1890

34
Q

When did Mackinnon’s IBEAC receive a charter

A

1888

35
Q

When did the French begin working on the canal

A

1859

36
Q

when did the Suez Canal open

A

1869

37
Q

What percentage of Egypt’s imports of were coming from Britain in 1870

A

40%

38
Q

When did the Egyptian debt crisis begin

A

1875

39
Q

When was Egypt declared bankrupt

A

May 1876

40
Q

When and why did Britain and France send their navies to Egypt

A

June 1882- to protect their investments in the canal

41
Q

How big was the force the British sent to the Suez Canal in 1882

A

sent an expeditionary force of 31,000 british and Indian troops

42
Q

When did Egypt become a veiled protectorate

A

1882

43
Q

When was Cape Colony granted sensible government

A

1872

44
Q

When and why was Transvaal annexed

A

1877- due to threat of the Zulus to the local people

45
Q

When did Charles Gordon become the governor general of Sudan

A

1877

46
Q

What type of movement did the emerging political movement in Sudan turn into due to the Mahdi

A

turned into a jihadist army (seeked liberation to Sudan from outside influence)

47
Q

When was a British-Egyptian military expedition sent into Sudan

A

1883

48
Q

Why did Gladstone order Gordon to oversee the evacuation of British and Egyptian troops in Sudan

A

he was reluctant to get drawn into further conflict

49
Q

Why didn’t the evacuation work in Sudan

A

the forces were overrun in January 1885 and virtually the entire garrisson was killed- Gordon was beheade

50
Q

When was the Heligoland-Zanzibar treaty signed

A

1st July 1890

51
Q

What was the nature of the treaty between Germay and Britain in 1886 over East Africa

A

they agreed what lands they would exclusively pursue.
Germany- claim to the coast of the present day Tanzania
Britain- retained access to the area which Kenya and Uganda lie

52
Q

Why did the British allow the IBEAC to administer the eastern territory

A

as Britain was focusing its resources in other interests which included land acquired in South Africa- reluctant to accept full responsibility for newly acknowledged region

53
Q

How much of Cape’s exports came from diamonds

A

1/3

54
Q

Who was Cetshwayo

A

Was the Zulu King

55
Q

Who was Sir Bartle Frere

A

new governor of Cape Town

56
Q

Why did Sir Frere want to overthrow the Zulu Kingdom

A

his experience in India taught him it was dangerous to tolerate existence of any independent and well organised native state on an imperial frontier

57
Q

How did Frere and Shepstone engineer a war against Cetshwayo

A

-doctored reports to the colonial office making Cetshwayo look like a warlike tyrant and exaggerate size of his army

58
Q

Why did Frere and Shepstone want to engineer a war against Cetshwayo

A

hoped that once zulu kingdom was dismantled Cetshwayo’s subjects would become subservient labour force at disposal of Natal’s white farmers and mining companies

59
Q

What does the effort required to overthrow of Zulu Kingdom show

A

showed the importance the government attached to the achievement of paramoutcy in S Africa

60
Q

How great were the resources expelled trying to overthrow the Zulu Kingdom

A
  • 27,000 oxens, 5500 mules, 30000 native porters and labourers
  • final bill was £4.9 million
61
Q

Strategic motivations for Suez Canal

A

Suez Canal – speedier movement of troops to India under threat of Russian invasion - Presence in Mediterranean meant that the Ottoman Empire could be supported and was a buffer to any future Russian expansion

62
Q

What was the initial task of the Berlin Conference

A

securing an agreement that both the basins and the mouths of the Congo and Niger rivers were to remain neutral and open to trade

63
Q

What did the General Act in the Berlin Conference promise

A
  • all nations should be permitted to trade in the basin of the Congo and its outlets
  • there should be free trade in these reigons
  • the powers with influence in the area should help protect indigenous people and suppress the slave trade
  • the powers should support and protect religious, scientifc or charitable undertakings
  • if any power took possession of further land on the coasts of Africa it should notify the signatories of the Act
64
Q

What is effective occupation

A

a European power which could demonstrate that it had a local treaty agreement and an active administration and was able to police the territory it claimed was recognise as the rightful ruler of that territory

65
Q

Why did the Berlin Conference do little for indigenous people

A

-no African representation at the Berlin Conference and European ministers mapped out spheres of influence with little concern for natural borers or ethnic, linguistic or religious divisions

history- british empire (20 decks)

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