Exercise as medicine

Question 1

How many people have T2DM in the UK?

Answer 1

2.9mill

Question 2

What treatments are used for T2DM?

Answer 2

Metformin, insulin, behavioural therapies (diet and exercise)

Question 3

When does cardiac physical rehab start?

Answer 3

Whilst still in hospital; progresses from low-level, supervised, to community based

Question 4

How does cardiac rehab impact mortality?

Answer 4

Reinfarction risk is reduced; cardiac mortality is decreased; all-cause mortality decreased

Question 5

How does physical activity affect cancer?

Answer 5

Reduces risk of several cancers; improved prognosis once diagnosed, particularly cancers of breast and colon; reduces all-cause and cancer-based mortality

Question 6

How does PA affect RA?

Answer 6

Improves levels of inflammation; reduces admission to hospital and length of stays; reduces levels of fatigue and depression; improves function of heart, lungs, and blood vessels

Question 7

How did anti-TNF and PA treatments affect disease activity in RA?

Answer 7

Anti-TNF treatments saw greater improvements in disease activity; after 3 months, disease activity was about the same (initially, PA intervention group had lower disease activity as have to have high disease activity to be prescribed anti-TNF treaments)

Question 8

How did anti-TNF and PA treatments affect functional ability in RA?

Answer 8

Both improved functional ability, although anti-TNF treatments saw greater improvement

Question 9

How many RA patients die from cardiovascular developments?

Answer 9

~50%

Question 10

How did anti-TNF and PA treatments affect vascular function?

Answer 10

Exercise substantially CV function, whilst anti-TNF treatments improved to a lesser extent

Question 11

How might anti-TNF and PA treatments be used in conjunction?

Answer 11

Once patients have responded successfully to anti-TNF treatments, increasing PA may reduce the risk for CVD

Question 12

What are barriers to PA in RA patients?

Answer 12

Perceiving it will be painful and fatiguing; have lack of mobility, so believe they have an inability to do PA; have stiffness; lack of RA exercise programmes

Question 13

What are benefits of PA in RA patients?

Answer 13

Symptom management; pain relief and distraction; improved joint function; development of independence

Question 14

What are facilitators of PA in RA patients?

Answer 14

Support; exercise instructors; family and friends; strength and aerobic capacity

Question 15

What is sedentary behaviour?

Answer 15

Any waking behaviour characterised by energy expenditure of less than or equal to 1.5METs whilst in a sitting or reclining posture

Question 16

How does sitting compare to effects of obesity and smoking in adults?

Answer 16

Sitting seemingly outweighs

Question 17

What is SB associated with risks of?

Answer 17

All-cause mortality; CVD incidence; cancer mortality; cancer incidence; diabetes incidence

Question 18

How can one hour of sitting being replaced with exercise impact PIA people?

Answer 18

Can reduce overall mortality

Question 19

What are barriers to changing SB?

Answer 19

Health barriers; enjoyment of SB; feel active; difficulty conceptualising SB as separate from PA; lack of time; fatigue; sitting habits are hard to break; no incentive; shit social support; unadaptable environment

Question 20

What are motivators to changing SB?

Answer 20

Desire to improve health; awareness and monitoring of SB; standing fits lifestyle; easy to making standing a habit; curiosity about their SB; reducing SB as a self-competition; notice +ve impacts; sense of accomplishment; enjoy being more active during breaks; encouragement from others; adaptable home and work environments

Question 21

What are facilitators to changing SB?

Answer 21

Activity monitors are a reminder; interesting feedback; +ve experience with health coaches; helpful and appropriate goals; self-log gives accountability; workbooks with useful info and ideas