Exchange and Transport Flashcards
What is the formula for calculating the volume of a:
a) cube
b) cylinder
c) sphere
a) Number of sides (with same l and h) x length x height
b) pi x radius squared x height
c) 3 over 4 x pi x radius cubed.
Why is the diffusion rate of a single-celled organism quicker than multicellular organisms?
Single Cell:
1) Short distances for the substance to travel.
2) High SA:V ratio.
Multicellular:
1) Big distances from the cell to the outside.
2) Low SA:V ratio.
3) Higher metabolic rate. Need more substances.
What is the role of cartilage? (2)
(1) Provide support.
(2) Stops trachea and bronchi collapsing when you breathe in and the pressure drops.
What is the role of ciliated epithelium cells? (2)
1) Move mucus (trapped microorganisms and dust) away from alveoli and into the throat.
2) Helps prevent lung infections.
What cell produces mucus and why? (2)
1) Goblet cell.
2) Trap microorganisms and dust particles in inhaled air.
3) Stops them from reaching alveoli.
Where would you find elastic fibres? (4)
What do they do?
1) Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
2) Help push the air out when exhaling as the fibres recoil after being stretched.
Where can you find smooth muscle? (3)
What does it do? (2)
1) Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles
2) Relaxes during exercise to reduce resistance to airflow. Easier to move air in and out of the lungs.
Breathing in, also known as …… (1) has 4 steps.
These are… (4)
The process requires …… (1) making it an …….(1)
1) Inspiration
1) External intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract.
2) The ribcage moves upwards and outwards. The diaphragm flattens increasing the volume of the thorax.
3) Lung pressure decreases.
4) Air flows into the lungs.
Energy / Active process.
Define:
1) Tidal volume
2) Vital capacity
3) Breathing rate
4) Oxygen uptake
1) The volume of the air in each breath.
2) The maximum volume of air that can be breathed in or out.
3) How many breaths taken per unit of time.
4) Rate at which a person uses up oxygen.
Why do fish need special adaptations for gas exchange?
There is a lower concentration of oxygen in water than air.
What is a gill made up of and what do they do?
Gill filaments / primary lamellae
Provide a big surface area for the exchange of gases. Increasing the rate of diffusion.
What structure can be found on the primary lamellae?
Gill plates / secondary lamellae.
These increase the surface area even more.
What are the two benefits of the counter-current system?
1) Equilibrium is not reached.
2) The diffusion gradient is maintained across the full length of the lamellae.
Three stages of ventilation in fish?
1) Mouth opens, buccal cavity lowers.
2) Volume of the cavity increases, decreasing the pressure inside the cavity. Water is sucked in.
3) Mouth closes, buccal cavity raises. Pressure increases forcing the water out of the cavity and across the gill filaments.
What is the bony flap that covers the gill called?
Operculum.
