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Anatomy > Exam3Lec7SkullandBrain > Flashcards

Exam3Lec7SkullandBrain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the compartments of the skull?

A

Cranial cavity (brain)
2 Auditory (ears)
2 Orbit (eyes)
Oral cavity (mouth)
Infratemporal fossa (lat. skull)
Pterygopalatine fossa (lat. skull)

The skull compartments are spaces in the skull that protect important structures

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2
Q

What is the neurocranium of the cranial vault of the skull

A

Neurocranium (Calvaria) = skull cap
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Temporal

low yield

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3
Q

What is the Viscerocranium?

A

Viscerocranium = facial bones
Maxillary
Nasal
Zygomatic
Palatine
Lacrimal
Inferior Nasal Conchae

My Neighbor Zack Picks Lillies Intensely
| high yield

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4
Q

What is the cranial fossa of the skull?

A

depression in the cranial cavity floor

high yield

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5
Q

What are the the three cranial fossa’s?

A

Anterior
middle
posterior

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6
Q

What structures are located in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Cribriform plate

high yield

we see olfactory n.

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7
Q

What structures are located in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Foramen rotundum + ovale + spinosum
Carotid canal
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure

high yield

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8
Q

What structures are located in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Internal acoustic meatus
Hypoglossal canal

high yield

Accessory n. (CN 11) passes into Foramen Magnum  then enters Jugular Foramen

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9
Q

Orientation of the brain

A

Rostral = anterior
Caudal = posterior

Dorsal = superior
Ventral = inferior

very low yield

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10
Q

What are the two nervous system?

A

CNS = brain + brainstem + spinal cord
PNS = everything else
-Somatic = motor + sensory innervation
-Autonomic = sympathetic + parasympathetic innervation

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11
Q

What are nerve cells?

A

Nerve cells = neurons
Dendrites (short processes) receive signals from other neurons –>soma (cell body) –>axons (long processes) conduct signals away

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12
Q

What are glial cells?

A

support nerve cells –>ex: oligodendrocytes (in CNS) form myelin sheath around axons

very low yield

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13
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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14
Q

What are the Important Landmarks of the cerebral hemispheres and lobes?

A

Longitudinal Sulcus = divides right + left hemispheres
Central Sulcus = separates frontal + parietal lobes
Lateral Fissure = separates temporal from frontal + parietal lobes
Parietooccipital Sulcus = separates parietal + occipital lobes
Cingulate Sulcus = deep to frontal + parietal lobes

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15
Q

What is the ventricular system of the brain?

A

Ventricular system = network of 4 ventricles in the brain
2 Lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

Choroid plexus –> lines the ventricles & produces cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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16
Q

What is the ventricular system flow of the brain?

A

Lat. ventricle –>Interventricular foramen (of Monroe)–> 3rd ventricle –>Cerebral aqueduct–> 4th ventricle

Flow of CSF into subarachnoid space = 4th ventricle –> Foramen of lushka –>Cisterna magna –>Subarachnoid space ( this is low yied)

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17
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Hydrocephalus = increased pressure d/t excess CSF fluid build up in the brain
Cause = dilation or obstruction of the lateral (or sometimes 3rd ) ventricle

high yield

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18
Q

What are meninges?

A

Layers of CT b/n the scalp & brain –> fxn = protection

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19
Q

What is dura mater?

A

outer layer of meninges–>splits into 2
* Periosteal division connects to scalp
* Meningeal division connects to arachnoid mater
- this division Give rise to dural sinus Falx Cerebri –> contains sup. and inf sagittal sinus

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20
Q

What is arachnoid mater of meninges?

A

middle layer
Contains arachnoid granulations
Drain CSF–> into Dural sinus

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21
Q

What is Pia Mater of meninges?

A

inner layer

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22
Q

What are the potential spaces of the meninges?

A
  • Epidural space = b/n the skull + dura mater
  • Subdural space = b/n the dura + arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid space = b/n the arachnoid + pia mater
    -Contains cerebral “bridging” veins that drain into–> Dural sinus (this is a for sure space, not potential)

need to know last one, hy

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23
Q

What are dural sinuses of the brain?

A

Large channels containing (venous) blood

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24
Q

What is falx cerebri?

A

contains sup. + inf. sagittal sinuses
Formed by dura mater (superficial layer)

know this

25
Q

What are the different types of dural sinuses

A

Superior sagittal =drains into confluence sinus
Inferior sagittal =drains into straight sinus
Straight =drains into confluence sinus
Confluence =drains into transverse sinus
Transverse=drains into sigmoid sinus
Sigmoid =drains into internal jugular vein (IJV)
Cavernous =drains into cerebral “bridging” veins

drainage is low yield, be familiar with names and superior sagittal since we talked abt it

26
Q

All the Dural sinuses eventually drain into

A

the IJV

know this

27
Q

The brain (cerebellum) is supplied by what?

A

Circle of Willis

28
Q

The circle of willis is comprised of what two systems that provide vascularzation to the brain?

A

Internal Carotid System and Vertebro-basilary System

29
Q

Which arteries are part of the the internal carotid system?

A

Anterior (ACA) + Middle (MCA) Cerebral arteries
Anterior + Posterior Communicating arteries
Anterior Choroidal arter (this pt is low yield)

ACA = Ant. cerebrum
MCA= Lat. cerebrum

30
Q

Which arteries are part of the Vertebro-basilary system?

A

Vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
Posterior Cerebral artery (PCA)

PCA =Post. cerebrum

31
Q

What connects the internal carotid system and the verterbro-basilary system?

A

post communicating artery

32
Q

What are hematoma’s?

A

Collection (or pool) of blood outside of the blood vessel

33
Q

What are the two types of hematomas?

A

epidural
subdural

34
Q

What is the shape, blood supply, location, and patient type of epidural hematoma?

A

does NOT cross suture lines
Shape = biconvex (lens)
Blood supply = middle meningeal artery
Location = b/n skull + dura mater –> epidural space
Patient type = adolescents & young adults (trauma injuries)

Middle Meningeal Artery = Foramen Spinosum

35
Q

What is the shape, blood supply, location, and patient type of subdural hematoma?

A

crosses suture lines
Shape = crescent
Blood supply = cerebral (bridging) veins
Location = b/n dura + arachnoid mater
Patient type = elderly & alcoholics

Cerebral bridging Veins = Subarachnoid Space

36
Q

What are hemorrhages?

A

Active bleeding into the surrounding brain tissue

37
Q

What are the two types of brain hemorrhages?

A

subarachnoid, intracerebral

38
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

NOT in the ventricles
Cause = rupture of a berry aneurysm
Location = subarachnoid space
Blood supply = circle of Willis
Risk factor = polycystic kidney disease

still note this

39
Q

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

A

in the ventricles
Cause = hypertensive vasculopathy
Location = ventricles + parenchyma (tissue)
Blood supply = penetrator arteries (br. off circle of Willis)

very low yield, also mri image lw

40
Q

What connects the internal carotid system and the verterbro-basilary system?

A

post communicating artery

41
Q

True or false, Cranial nerves are mostly located in the brainstem

A

True but with exceptions=olfactory (CN 1) + optic (CN 2)

42
Q

List the cranial nerves and where they enter.

A

I) Olfactory =cribriform plate
(II) Optic =optic canal
(III) Oculomotor =superior orbital fissure
(IV) Trochlear =superior orbital fissure
(V) Trigeminal =sup. orbital fis. + foramen rotundum / ovale
(VI) Abducens =superior orbital fissure
(VII) Facial =internal acoustic meatus
(VIII) Vestibulocochlear = internal acoustic meatus
(IX) Glossopharyngeal = jugular foramen
(X) Vagus =jugular foramen
(XI) Accessory=jugular foramen
(XII) Hypoglossal =hypoglossal canal

43
Q

For the cranial nerves that are sensory, what do they innervate?

A

Olfactory (CN I) = nose
Optic (CN II) = eye
Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) =inner ear

44
Q

For the cranial nerves that are motor, what do they innervate?

A

Oculomotor (CN III) =all eye muscles (except sup. oblique + external/lat. rectus m.)
Trochlear (CN IV) =superior oblique m. (eye)
Abducens (CN VI) =external + lateral rectus m. (eye)
Accessory (CN XI) =trapezius + SCM (neck)
Hypoglossal (CN XII) =all tongue muscles (except palatoglossus m.)

45
Q

For the cranial nerves that are both sensory and motor, what do they innervate?

A

Trigeminal (CN V) =face + teeth + muscles of mastication
Facial (CN VII) =muscles of facial expression + submandibular / sublingual glands + stylohyoid m. + post. belly of digastric m.
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) =stylopharyngeus + parotid gland + tongue
Vagus (CN X) =heart + respiratory structures + GI tract + external ear

Vagus n. = palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, pharyngeal constrictors

46
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Little brain” structure located near the brainstem
Organized into ant. / mid. / inf. peduncles

47
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of voluntary movement
maintaining balance + posture

hy

Basal nuclei also have role in voluntary movement

48
Q

What is the arterial supply of the Cerebellum?

A

brs. of vertebro-basilar system

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar artery (PICA)
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar artery (AICA)
Superior Cerebellar artery

hy

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Innervation=: has PNS-> autonomic–> symp + parasymp inn

fxn: regulating bodily processes + hormones

Made up of many small nuclei ( low yield pt):
Paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic + preoptic nuclei
Ventromedial nucleus
Arcuate nucleus

Hormonal response = slow
Autonomic response = fast

50
Q

What is the Hypophyseal stalk ?

A

connects to the pituitary gland

51
Q

The pituitary gland is comprised of:

A

Adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary gland
Stimulated by hypothalamus to release hormones

Neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary gland
Stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus

52
Q

Thalamus

A

PNS –> somatic –>sensory + motor inn.

Function = relay station –> pathways project to cerebral cortex & regulate info transfer

Composed of many small nuclei

53
Q

What is the Thalamic Pathway?

A
  • Spinothalamic = pain + temperature (from periphery)–>CNS
  • Dorsal Nucleus Medial Lemniscus (DCML) = proprioception (from periphery) –>CNS
  • Corticospinal = CNS–> periphery for limb movement
54
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway?

A

Transmit pain + temp. signals from periphery to brain (CNS)

  1. Pain stimulus (hit your hand on a nail)
  2. Nerve fibers deliver pain signals from periphery to spine
  3. Nerves synapse onto 1st order neurons (dorsal root ganglia)
  4. 1st order neurons synapse onto 2nd order neurons (dorsal horn) in spinal cord
  5. Signals cross the midline of spinal cord = travel up contralateral side of spine
  6. Neurons synapse onto 3rd order neurons (thalamus-brain
    )
  7. Thalamus sends pain signals to the somatosensory cortex

Stimulus –>1st order neurons –>2nd order neurons  travel to contralateral side –> 3rd order neurons–>Pain crosses midline –> travels up contralateral side of spine

55
Q

What is the DCML pathway?

A
  1. Transmit proprioception signals from periphery to brain (CNS)
  2. Sensation of proprioception
  3. Nerve fibers deliver signals from periphery to spine
  4. Nerves synapse onto 1st order neurons (dorsal root ganglia)
  5. 1st order neurons remain ipsilateral up spine into brain
  6. Synapse onto 2nd order neurons (dorsal nuclei in brainstem)
  7. Signals cross the midline –> travel into brain
  8. Neurons synapse onto 3rd order neurons (thalamus)
  9. Thalamus sends propriooception signals to the somatosensory cortex

remian same sife of sc until we reach brainstem

1st order neurons –> stays ipsilateral up spine –>2nd order neurons –>crosses midline–> 3rd order neurons

56
Q

What is the corticospinal pathway?

A
  1. Transmit motor signals from brain (CNS) to periphery
  2. Motor cortex of the brain (CNS)
  3. Nerve fibers deliver signals from CNS to corticospinal tract
  4. Alpha motor neurons (in spinal cord) carry out movement

no 1st order , 2nd order, etc.

Motor cortex (CNS) –>alpha motor neurons (spinal cord) –>periphery for limb movement

57
Q

What is this MRI image?

A

Epidural Hematoma

58
Q

What is this MRI image?

A

Epidural Hematoma

59
Q

What is this MRI image?

A

Subdural Hematoma

Anatomy (13 decks)

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