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NUTR 3210 > Exam - Vitamin D > Flashcards

Exam - Vitamin D Flashcards

1
Q

supplement label for vitamin D

A

supports healthy immune system and bone health

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2
Q

what is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency in the world

A

vitamin D

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3
Q

what does the bioactive form of vitamin d act as

A

a hormone - made in kidney and acts on other tissues

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4
Q

what does the bioactive form of Vit D work with

A

other hormones such as parathyroid and calcitonin

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5
Q

what is rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency

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6
Q

how long ago is there evidence of rickets

A

over 50,000 years ago

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7
Q

5 sources of vitamin D

A

natural plant
natural animal
sunlight
supplementation
fortification

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8
Q

plant form of vitamin D

A

ergocaliferol

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9
Q

animal form of vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol (Vit D3)

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10
Q

is the plant or animal form of vitamin D more bioactive

A

animal

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11
Q

where does provitamin D2 come from

A

plant

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12
Q

where does provitamin D3 come from

A

animals

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13
Q

what is an example of a plant with vitamin D

A

shiitake mushrooms

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14
Q

what is an example of an animal source with vitamin D

A

fish
fish liver oil

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15
Q

what happens with 7-dehydrocholesterol

A

it gets converted to cholecalciferol by sunlight in sebaceous glands of skin

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16
Q

is it easy to achieve good Vit D status by consuming plants/animals

A

no

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17
Q

what is Vit D3 made from in skin

A

7-D

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18
Q

how does Vit D3 circulate around body

A

by binding to the Vit D Binding protein

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19
Q

what absorbs UV rays

A

melanin in epidermis

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20
Q

why do people with more melanin have less vitamin D absorption in body

A

melanin absorbs UV rays which slows down Vit D3 production

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21
Q

who should consider supplementation of vitamin D3

A

someone who spends a lot of time indoors

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22
Q

what is fortification with Vit D

A

a government initiative - usually in milk or margarine

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23
Q

is Vit D fortification sufficient for health as the only source of Vit D

A

no

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24
Q

is there any risk of vit D toxicity from sun

A

no

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25
Q

how does Vit D3 enter blood

A

bound to DBP to go to liver or adipose

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26
Q

how is vitamin D3 absorbed from diet

A

in ileum - not very efficient

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27
Q

what does vitamin D3 get incorporated into from diet

A

chylomicrons - eventually ends up in liver

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28
Q

is there any difference between sun-derived and diet-derived Vit D3

A

no - same molecule

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29
Q

what carbon on Vit D3 gets hydroxylated and what does it form

A

25th carbon to form 25-OH D3

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30
Q

what enzyme hydroxylates the 25th carbon on Vit D3

A

25-hydroxylase

31
Q

what is the KEY SIGN of Vit D deficiency

A

if 25-OH D3 levels are low in blood

32
Q

what occurs in the body when calcium levels are low

A

25-OH D3 will be converted into an active molecule

33
Q

what is VDR

A

type-2 steroid hormone receptor

34
Q

does genomic or non-genomic calcitriol signalling depend on vitamin K

A

genomic

35
Q

what are the 3 main organs relevant for the Vit D/Ca 2+ story

A

small intestine
kidney
bone

36
Q

what occurs in the small intestine

A

absorption

37
Q

what occurs in the kidney

A

reabsorption

38
Q

what occurs in bone

A

resorption

39
Q

small intestine - why do minerals need transporters

A

for absorption by intestinal cells and entry into portal circulation

40
Q

what does the proper absorption of Ca2+ depend on

A

the expression of Ca2+ binding proteins in enterocytes

41
Q

what happens to small molecules like Ca2+ in the kidney

A

they pass through a filter and can end up in the urine unless they are reabsorbed

42
Q

what does reabsorption in kidney do

A

removes molecules from the filtrate and gets them back into blood

43
Q

what resorption occurs in bone

A

dissolving bone structure to release Ca2+ into blood

44
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

resorb bone

45
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

build bone

46
Q

what balance allows for bone maintenance, remodelling and repair

A

balance between breakdown and synthesis

47
Q

what is the key point in the Ca2+ hormonal control system

A

maintaining blood Ca2+ is more important than maintaining Ca2+ reserves in bone

48
Q

what does PTH serve to do for blood calcium

A

increase blood calcium

49
Q

what does PTH promote

A

calcitriol production in kidney by activating 1-hydroxylase

50
Q

what does PTH stimulate

A

bone resorption by activating osteoclasts

51
Q

what does PTH maximize

A

tubular reabsorption of calcium in kidney

52
Q

what does vitamin D serve to do to blood calcium

A

increase

53
Q

what does Vit D stimulate

A

Ca2+ resorption from bone

54
Q

what does vitamin D help to increase

A

absorption of Ca2+ from intestine

55
Q

what does Vit D maximize

A

tubular reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidney

56
Q

where is calcitonin secreted from

A

parafollicular cells in thyroid

57
Q

what does calcitonin serve to do to blood Ca2+

A

decrease

58
Q

what does calcitonin suppress

A

tubular reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidney

59
Q

what does calcitonin inhibit

A

bone resorption

60
Q

what does calcitonin facilitate

A

remineralization

61
Q

what can be the result of too much calcitonin

A

kidney stones

62
Q

what does Vit D deficiency in infants result in

A

rickets (poor mineralization)

63
Q

what is rickets

A

bones don’t mineralize properly and cannot support weight when they start walking

64
Q

what does Vit D deficiency in adolescents to adults result in

A

osteomalacia

65
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

bones become demineralized and bone fractures can occur more easily

66
Q

what does Vit D deficiency in middle-aged to elderly result in

A

osteoporosis

67
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

normal part of aging - loss of mineral and organic parts of bones

68
Q

how do you diagnose osteoporosis

A

bone density scan

69
Q

is osteoporosis easy to reverse

A

no - erosion in bone (holes)

70
Q

what is the healthy percentage of mineral vs organic solid bone composition

A

60% mineral
40% organic

71
Q

can osteomalacia be reversed

A

yes with supplements

72
Q

is there any risk of Vit D toxicity from sun exposure

A

no - production is limited by amounts of 7-D in skin

73
Q

what can high dietary levels of D3 result in

A

hypercalcemia

NUTR 3210 (29 decks)

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