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ECU ARTIC/PHON exam 1 > exam review chapter 2 > Flashcards

exam review chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a diphthong?

A

A sound that includes a combination of two vowels in a single syllable (onglide—offglide)

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2
Q

Can phonemic diphthongs change the meaning of words?

A

yes

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3
Q

Name the 5 parts of the tongue

A
  1. tip
  2. blade
  3. dorsum
  4. root
  5. body
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4
Q

What position is the tongue during high sounds and high vowels?

A

above neutral position

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5
Q

What position is the tongue during low sounds and low vowels?

A

below neutral position

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6
Q

what position is the tongue during back sounds?

A

the body of the tongue is retracted from neutral position.

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7
Q

What position is the tongue during front sounds?

A

tongue is shifted forward

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8
Q

What position is the tongue when producing front vowels?

A

Body forward, raised toward hard palate

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9
Q

what position is the tongue when producing central vowels?

A

body central, almost flat.

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10
Q

what position is the tongue during rhotic vowels?

A

slightly elevated and sometimes retroflex

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11
Q

what position is the tongue when producing back vowels?

A

body shifted back and elevated

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12
Q

phonemes are sound units related to _____

A

decisions about meaning

smallest unit of sound that changes meaning

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13
Q

What is phonemic transcription? What should it be enclosed with?

A
  1. less detailed than phonetic
  2. should be enclosed with virgules / /
  3. = broad transciption
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14
Q

What is phonetic transcription? What should it be enclosed with?

A
  1. detailed transcription; sensitive to sound variations (allophone) within a phoneme class
  2. should be enclosed with [ }
  3. = narrow transcription
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15
Q

What is an allophone?

A

variant productions of the same phoneme based on location.
ie: keep–coop
man–bat

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of allophonic variation?

A
  1. complimentary distribution

2. free variation

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17
Q

what is complimentary distribution?

A

two (or more) allophones never occur in exactly the same phonetic environment; they never overlap)
ie: /k/ sounds the same when produced in the front and back of the mouth

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18
Q

what is free variation?

A

allphones can occur in the same phonetic context.

ie: “pop” and “map”…the /p/ can released or unreleased.

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19
Q

what structures does the respiratory system consist of? (4)

A
  1. lungs
  2. airways
  3. rib cage
  4. diaphragm
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20
Q

What is composed of various cartilages and muscles and generates the voiced sounds of speech by vibration of the vocal folds, or allows air to pass through for voiceless sounds?

A

larynx

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21
Q

what structure joins or separates the oral and nasal cavities so that air passes through the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, or both?

A

velopharynx

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22
Q

what is the principle articulator of the oral cavity?

A

tongue

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23
Q

when producing vowels, is the vocal tract open or closed?

A

opened

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24
Q

are tense vowels longer or shorter in duration

A

longer

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25
Q

All English vowels are ______ and ______

A

voiced

nonnasal

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26
Q

what is a distinctive feature?

A

a set of binary features distinguish to describe phonemes in all languages

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27
Q

when producing consonants is the vocal tract open or closed?

A

relatively closed

28
Q

diphthongs are made with a ______ vocal tract.

A

open

29
Q

why are diphthongs considered dynamic sounds?

A

because there is a progressive change in the vocal tract shape

30
Q

What does adducted mean; in regards to VF?

A

closed

31
Q

what does abducted mean, in regards to VF?

A

open

32
Q

is the velum open or closed during nasal production?

A

open

33
Q

within a syllable, what do vowels serve as?

A

nucleus

34
Q

how many vowels must a syllable contain?

A

1; with exception of diphthongs…which are like vowels.

35
Q

what does “manner” refer to?

A

degree or type of closure

36
Q

/t/, /d/ and /n/ will be ______ when produced in the same syllable and adjacent to a dental sound.

A

dentalized

37
Q

describe a fricative.

A

intense noise generated as air moves rapidly through a constriction formed between the blade and front palate.

38
Q

What is the name of the sounds that have a tongue blade position above the neutral state?

A

+coronal

39
Q

what does amplitude refer to?

A

loudness

40
Q

what does fundamental frequency refer to?

A

pitch

41
Q

What are considered the resonators for speech? (3)

A

Pharynx
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity (at times)

42
Q

What is considered the energy source of speech?

A

Lungs

43
Q

What is considered the voice source for speech?

A

Larynx

44
Q

what are suprasegmentals?

A

characteristics of speech beyond basic phonetics (syllables, words, phrases, sentences) that includes changes in amplitude, duration, and fundamental frequency

45
Q

what is the suprasegmental STRESS?

what are the types of stress?

what usually carries stress?

A

importance given to an utterance (“Make sure to take the RED car”)

also refers to primary (superscript) vs secondary (subscript) markings in transcription

stress is usually carried by the vowel segment.

46
Q

what is the suprasegmental INTONATION?

what affects intonation?

A

vocal pitch contour or changes in fundamental frequency

affected by stress, tongue position of vowel and/or emotional state

47
Q

what is the suprasegmental LOUDNESS?

A

sound intensity

amplitude

48
Q

what is the suprasegmental PITCH LEVEL?

A

the average pitch of a speaker.

high, low, or medium pitched voice

49
Q

what is the suprasegmental JUNCTURE?

A

“vocal punctuation”

combination of intonation and pausing to express grammatical divisions

“nitrate” vs “night rate”

50
Q

what is the suprasegmental SPEAKING RATE?

what happens in a faster speaking rate?

A

words or syllables or phonemes per second

faster rate= reduced duration, reduced range of articulation.

Called “undershoot”-sounds less distinct

51
Q

when does the suprasegmental VOWEL REDUCTION occur?

A

occurs when rate increases or stress decreases

52
Q

what does the suprasegmental CLEAR VS CONVERSATIONAL SPEECH depend on?

what is the difference?

A

depends on speakers surrounding situation

clear = slower and more articulate. 
conversational = modified with loss of distinction
53
Q

how is the suprasegmental NEW VS GIVEN INFO produced?

A

new information is lengthened and produced with higher Fundamental Frequency

54
Q

what is the suprasegmental CONTRASTIVE STRESS IN DISCOURSE?

A

stress given to a word that the speaker feels contradicts what was previously said

55
Q

what is the suprasegmental PHRASE-FINAL LENGTHENING?

when is this helpful?

A

when the last stressable syllable/word in major syntactic phrase is lengthened (“Red, green and BLUE are my favorite colors”)

helps when giving verbal cues.

56
Q

what is the suprasegmental DECLINATION?

when is this helpful?

A

fundamental frequency contour declines across clauses

helps listener regroup structure of discourse

57
Q

what is the suprasegmental LEXICAL STRESS EFFECTS?

A

stress on word level

CONtrast vs conTRAST

58
Q

what is a Traditional Phonetic Description?

A

each vowel has a characteristic vocal tract shape that is determined by the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips

Individual vowels can be described by specifying the articulatory positions of tongue, jaw, and lips.

59
Q

What is the space between the VF called?

A

Glottis

60
Q

What is a cognate?

A

Consonants that differ only by voicing

61
Q

Where is the tongue pistol at the beginning and end of affricates?

A

Alveolar—>palatal

62
Q

what are sonorant sounds?

A

those that prohibit spontaneous voicing

nasals & glides

63
Q

what are interrupted sounds?

A

those with a complete blockage of the airstream

stops

64
Q

what are strident sounds?

A

those with intense noise

fricatives and affricates

65
Q

what are distributed sounds?

A

those with constriction extending over a large portion of the vocal tract

bilabials and interdentals

ECU ARTIC/PHON exam 1 (13 decks)

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