exam review chapter 2 Flashcards
What is a diphthong?
A sound that includes a combination of two vowels in a single syllable (onglide—offglide)
Can phonemic diphthongs change the meaning of words?
yes
Name the 5 parts of the tongue
- tip
- blade
- dorsum
- root
- body
What position is the tongue during high sounds and high vowels?
above neutral position
What position is the tongue during low sounds and low vowels?
below neutral position
what position is the tongue during back sounds?
the body of the tongue is retracted from neutral position.
What position is the tongue during front sounds?
tongue is shifted forward
What position is the tongue when producing front vowels?
Body forward, raised toward hard palate
what position is the tongue when producing central vowels?
body central, almost flat.
what position is the tongue during rhotic vowels?
slightly elevated and sometimes retroflex
what position is the tongue when producing back vowels?
body shifted back and elevated
phonemes are sound units related to _____
decisions about meaning
smallest unit of sound that changes meaning
What is phonemic transcription? What should it be enclosed with?
- less detailed than phonetic
- should be enclosed with virgules / /
- = broad transciption
What is phonetic transcription? What should it be enclosed with?
- detailed transcription; sensitive to sound variations (allophone) within a phoneme class
- should be enclosed with [ }
- = narrow transcription
What is an allophone?
variant productions of the same phoneme based on location.
ie: keep–coop
man–bat
What are the 2 types of allophonic variation?
- complimentary distribution
2. free variation
what is complimentary distribution?
two (or more) allophones never occur in exactly the same phonetic environment; they never overlap)
ie: /k/ sounds the same when produced in the front and back of the mouth
what is free variation?
allphones can occur in the same phonetic context.
ie: “pop” and “map”…the /p/ can released or unreleased.
what structures does the respiratory system consist of? (4)
- lungs
- airways
- rib cage
- diaphragm
What is composed of various cartilages and muscles and generates the voiced sounds of speech by vibration of the vocal folds, or allows air to pass through for voiceless sounds?
larynx
what structure joins or separates the oral and nasal cavities so that air passes through the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, or both?
velopharynx
what is the principle articulator of the oral cavity?
tongue
when producing vowels, is the vocal tract open or closed?
opened
are tense vowels longer or shorter in duration
longer
All English vowels are ______ and ______
voiced
nonnasal
what is a distinctive feature?
a set of binary features distinguish to describe phonemes in all languages
when producing consonants is the vocal tract open or closed?
relatively closed
diphthongs are made with a ______ vocal tract.
open
why are diphthongs considered dynamic sounds?
because there is a progressive change in the vocal tract shape
What does adducted mean; in regards to VF?
closed
what does abducted mean, in regards to VF?
open
is the velum open or closed during nasal production?
open
within a syllable, what do vowels serve as?
nucleus
how many vowels must a syllable contain?
1; with exception of diphthongs…which are like vowels.
what does “manner” refer to?
degree or type of closure
/t/, /d/ and /n/ will be ______ when produced in the same syllable and adjacent to a dental sound.
dentalized
describe a fricative.
intense noise generated as air moves rapidly through a constriction formed between the blade and front palate.
What is the name of the sounds that have a tongue blade position above the neutral state?
+coronal
what does amplitude refer to?
loudness
what does fundamental frequency refer to?
pitch
What are considered the resonators for speech? (3)
Pharynx
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity (at times)
What is considered the energy source of speech?
Lungs
What is considered the voice source for speech?
Larynx
what are suprasegmentals?
characteristics of speech beyond basic phonetics (syllables, words, phrases, sentences) that includes changes in amplitude, duration, and fundamental frequency
what is the suprasegmental STRESS?
what are the types of stress?
what usually carries stress?
importance given to an utterance (“Make sure to take the RED car”)
also refers to primary (superscript) vs secondary (subscript) markings in transcription
stress is usually carried by the vowel segment.
what is the suprasegmental INTONATION?
what affects intonation?
vocal pitch contour or changes in fundamental frequency
affected by stress, tongue position of vowel and/or emotional state
what is the suprasegmental LOUDNESS?
sound intensity
amplitude
what is the suprasegmental PITCH LEVEL?
the average pitch of a speaker.
high, low, or medium pitched voice
what is the suprasegmental JUNCTURE?
“vocal punctuation”
combination of intonation and pausing to express grammatical divisions
“nitrate” vs “night rate”
what is the suprasegmental SPEAKING RATE?
what happens in a faster speaking rate?
words or syllables or phonemes per second
faster rate= reduced duration, reduced range of articulation.
Called “undershoot”-sounds less distinct
when does the suprasegmental VOWEL REDUCTION occur?
occurs when rate increases or stress decreases
what does the suprasegmental CLEAR VS CONVERSATIONAL SPEECH depend on?
what is the difference?
depends on speakers surrounding situation
clear = slower and more articulate. conversational = modified with loss of distinction
how is the suprasegmental NEW VS GIVEN INFO produced?
new information is lengthened and produced with higher Fundamental Frequency
what is the suprasegmental CONTRASTIVE STRESS IN DISCOURSE?
stress given to a word that the speaker feels contradicts what was previously said
what is the suprasegmental PHRASE-FINAL LENGTHENING?
when is this helpful?
when the last stressable syllable/word in major syntactic phrase is lengthened (“Red, green and BLUE are my favorite colors”)
helps when giving verbal cues.
what is the suprasegmental DECLINATION?
when is this helpful?
fundamental frequency contour declines across clauses
helps listener regroup structure of discourse
what is the suprasegmental LEXICAL STRESS EFFECTS?
stress on word level
CONtrast vs conTRAST
what is a Traditional Phonetic Description?
each vowel has a characteristic vocal tract shape that is determined by the position of the tongue, jaw, and lips
Individual vowels can be described by specifying the articulatory positions of tongue, jaw, and lips.
What is the space between the VF called?
Glottis
What is a cognate?
Consonants that differ only by voicing
Where is the tongue pistol at the beginning and end of affricates?
Alveolar—>palatal
what are sonorant sounds?
those that prohibit spontaneous voicing
nasals & glides
what are interrupted sounds?
those with a complete blockage of the airstream
stops
what are strident sounds?
those with intense noise
fricatives and affricates
what are distributed sounds?
those with constriction extending over a large portion of the vocal tract
bilabials and interdentals
