Chapter10 Flashcards
Linguistically-Based Interventions focus on strategies for _______.
Reorganizing a child’s phonological system
What are Linguistically-Based Interventions most suitable to target?
(4)
Multiple speech sound errors
Homonyms
Establishment of new word/syllable shapes
Establishment of new sound classes
Can Linguistically-Based Interventions be combined with motor-based ones?
Yes
What is the primary focus of Linguistically-Based Interventions?
(3)
Establishment of an adult phonological system
Establish sound and feature contrasts
Replace error patterns with appropriate ones
What are Exemplars?
Individual target sounds
How should we choose Exemplars?
Likelihood of generalization
What are Minimal Pair Contrasts?
Those that differ by a single phoneme
What is the assumption behind Minimal Pair Contrasts?
Focusing on single phonemic contrasts will teach that different sounds create different meanings (pat-bat)
What two things can be contrasted in Minimal Pair Contrasts?
Feature differences (pat-bat)
Syllable shape differences (bow-boat, key-ski)
What do Minimal Pair Contrasts assume of the child?
That the child is physically capable of producing the target sound
What errors are Minimal Pair Contrasts most useful for?
4
Sound substitutions
Sound deletions
Sound collapses
Phonological patterns
What is the general flow when using Minimal Pair Contrasts?
2
Teaching contrast perception
Teaching contrast production
What is the specific flow when using Minimal Pair Contrasts?
7
Select a sound contrast based on client’s error pattern
Teach minimal contrasts at the perception level (pick up picture of ______)
Teach articulation of target if needed (switch to motor-based approach if this is particularly difficult)
Teach client to imitate each target
Teach minimal contrasts at the production level (you tell me which card to pick)
Teach single minimal contrasts with a carrier phrase (I found “tea”)
Teach multiple minimal contrasts with a carrier phrases (I “found tea” and “she”)
What are the two kinds of minimal pairs?
Minimal Opposition Contrasts
Maximal Opposition Contrasts
What are Minimal Opposition Contrasts?
Differ by a single feature (place, manner, voicing)
What are Maximal Opposition Contrasts?
Differ by 2+ features (place, manner, voice, nasality)
What is the benefit of using Maximal Opposition Contrasts?
2
The contrasts are more salient (easier to perceive)
May facilitate faster acquisition by client
What is Multiple Opposition Therapy?
Contrasting one sound with several sounds
What is Multiple Opposition Therapy most helpful for?
3
Addressing phoneme collapses
Children with multiple sound errors
Severe to profound phonological impairments
What is the assumption behind using the Maximal Opposition Approach?
Kids who collapse multiple sounds into a single phoneme are better treated with a systematic focus instead of an individual sound focus
(bat-back, bat-batch, bat-bass)
What is Metaphon Therapy?
2
Teaches the characteristics of sounds
Facilitates development of sound contrasts
Who is Metaphon Therapy most useful for?
Children who do not respond well to minimal pair therapy
What does Metaphon Therapy teach?
3
Phonological awareness
Skills needed to succeed in minimal pair therapy
Development of metaphonological skills
Do children with phonological disorders have the same level of phonological awareness as their non-disordered peers?
No
What characteristics does Metaphon Therapy focus on?
3
Sound duration (long-short)
Sound manner (noisy-whisper, stopping-flowing, etc.)
Sound place (front-back, etc.)
Can direct instruction in phonological awareness be a goal in speech-language therapy?
Why?
Yes
These skills are needed for reading and spelling
What is the 1st phase in Metaphon Therapy?
3
Teaching awareness of sound differences
Identifying features of sounds
Word pairs (of targeted speech sounds)
What is the 2nd phase in Metaphon Therapy?
What is it similar to?
Transferring new metaphonological skills to communication
Production training of minimal contrasts
Is the Minimal Contrast Theory backed up by research?
Yes but there is not enough evidence to say which Minimal Contrast approach is most effective
What are strengths of the Minimal Contrast Theory?
2
Beneficial for children with multiple misarticulations and phonological patterns
Beneficial for addressing sound collapse
What is the goal for the Cycles Approach?
Acquiring appropriate phonological patterns
Not eliminating incorrect ones
How does the Cycles Approach work?
2
Moves through targets sequentially without requiring a certain production criteria to be met
Targets that are not achieved are targeted in the next cycle
What are the three procedures in the cycles approach?
Auditory stimulation
Production practice
Picture/word naming tasks
How long does the Cycles Approach normally last?
How long is each pattern targeted within a cycle?
5-16 weeks (3-6 full cycles)
~60 minutes
When is the Cycles Approach completed?
When all needed phonological patterns appear in spontaneous speech
Patterns targeted in the Cycles Approach appear in ___% of utterances or less.
40%
What are the primary targets in the Cycles Approach?
5
Syllableness (omissions of syllable nuclei: vowels or syllabic consonants)
Omission of singletons
/s/ clusters in initial or final positions
Anterior/posterior contrasts (back-front sounds)
Liquids in all positions
What are the secondary targets in the Cycles Approach?
3
Palatals
Other consonant sequences (clusters
Singleton stridents
What patterns should we NOT target in preschoolers in the Cycles Approach?
(5)
Voiced final obstruents (b, d, g, v, z, ð, ʒ, ʤ)
Post-vocalic /l/
Word final /n/
Unstressed syllables
/θ, ð/
What is the normal flow of the Cycles Approach?
8
Review previous week
Listening activity (read 20 words in ~30 sec.)
Do target word cards
Postproduction practice
Stimulability probing
Listening activity
Phonological awareness activity
Home practice
What is the assumption behind the Cycles Approach?
2
Mastery will occur as sessions progress
Will support normal phonological acquisition
What are the benefits behind the the Cycles Approach?
1+6
Can be used or modified for…
- Multiple phonological processes
- Cleft palate
- Developmental dyspraxia
- Recurrent otitis media
- Hearing impairment
- Developmental delay
What does the research say about the Cycles Approach?
Seems to be effective but hard to tell if it is more effective than other methods
What are the two types of Broader Based Language Approaches?
Whole Language intervention
Naturalistic Intervention
What do most intervention approaches assume?
Bottom-up approach
Work on error patterns in isolation and progress to more complex patterns
What does Whole Language Intervention assume?
Top-down approach
start with higher level language
Do children with severe phonological deficits often have difficulty with other aspects of language?
Yes
How is storytelling incorporated into Whole Language intervention?
(2)
Work on narratives based on pictures
Clinician expands on child’s utterances
What is targeted in Whole Language intervention?
5
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
(All simultaneously)
How are targets prioritized in Whole Language intervention?
2
Developing expressive language and intelligibility comes first
Phonology comes last
What are the three steps in Whole Language intervention?
Organize environment and materials to systematically alter language complexity
Provide different communicative opportunities
Provide consequences and feedback
What are the TYPES of responses in Whole Language intervention?
(3)
Clarification (asking for more info)
Adding events (incorporating more events into the story)
Increasing complexity (relationships, cause-and-effect, etc.)
What does Naturalistic Intervention target?
Overall speech intelligibility
What does Naturalistic Intervention assume?
4
Primary issues in SSDs is intelligibility
Intelligibility is not only affected by production accuracy
Phonology is part of the overall language system
Phonology can be improved when focusing on higher levels of language
What happens in Naturalistic Intervention once intelligibility increases?
We can more on to speech sound accuracy
Is Naturalistic Intervention child-centered?
Yes
What are hallmarks of Naturalistic Intervention?
3
Therapy environment arranged to encourage communication attempts
Child and clinician interact in natural ways
Clinician offers recasts (repeating the child with corrections)
What are strengths of Naturalistic Intervention?
1+3
Very helpful…
- For clients with severe impairments
- For clients who cannot perform in typical therapy sessions
- When goal is connected speech
What does research say about Naturalistic Intervention?
More research is needed
