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ECU ARTIC/PHON exam 1 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are dialects?

2

A

Forms of a language associated with a specific region, social class, or ethnic group

Sounds and prosody often change

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2
Q

What dialect is considered “proper” American English by many people?

A

General American English

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3
Q

What is Dialect Leveling?

2

A

When one particular dialect is used through education and broadcasting

It can also occur because of increased contact between dialect groups

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4
Q

Does everyone speak with a dialect?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Are dialectical features always distinct and noticeable?

2

A

No

Some are shared by several dialects

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6
Q

How are dialects acquired?

A

By interacting and living among members of that speech community

(e.g., native Spanish speakers living in African-American communities)

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7
Q

Are dialect patterns random?

2

A

No

They have regular patterns and are governed by rules

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8
Q

Do dialects have different levels of prestige?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is a Register?

What does this depend upon?

A

A speaker’s use of particular features

On the context and conversational partners

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10
Q

What do we call a person’s collection of registers?

A

Registral varieties

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11
Q

What do we call the extent of someone’s use of dialectical features?

What does this depend on? (3)

A

Dialect density

Socio-economic status

Geography

Education

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12
Q

What is Social Diagnosticity?

A

Differences in Dialect Density associated with socio-economic status

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13
Q

What is Gradient Stratification?

How does this relate to AAE (African-American English)?

A

Systematic differences in the use dialect features

More features of AAE were used in those in lower SE groups than in higher ones

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14
Q

What is Sharp Stratification?

How does this relate to AAE (African-American English)?

A

Linguistic features that clearly differentiate SE groups based on frequency of usage

Substitution of /f/ for /θ/ denotes identification of working class

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15
Q

How does Sharp Stratification relate to Social Diagnosticity?

A

Features classified as containing Sharp Stratification tend to have greater Social Diagnosticity

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16
Q

What are six common American English Dialects?

A

General American English

African American English

Eastern American English

Southern American English

Appalachian English

Ozark Engligh

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17
Q

Do you need to be African American to have an AAE dialect?

A

No

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18
Q

What 12 features distinguish AAE from GAE?

A

Word-final cluster reduction

/r/ deletion or vocalization

/l/ deletion or vocalization in word-final consonants

Final nasal deletion when preceded by nasal

Pin-Pen merger (/ɪ/ substituted for /ɛ/ before nasals)

In /str/ clusters, /k/ substituted for /t/

Intervocalic reduction of /θr/ to /θ/

Intervocalic substitution of /f, v/ for /θ, ð/

Word-final substitution of /f/ for /θ/

Word-medial substitution of /b, d/ for /v, z/ before nasals

Stopping of word-initial interdentals

Metathesis

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19
Q

Is a dialect speaker required to produce all dialect features?

A

No

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20
Q

Has there been adequate research into the phonological development of different dialects?

What is the most important position to pay attention to in AAE?

A

No

Initial

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21
Q

Do preschoolers speaking GAE and AAE exhibit similar phonological patterns?

Do these occur with the same frequency?

A

Yes

No

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22
Q

Are the phonetic skill of children speaking AAE similar to those speaking GAE?

Are phonemes acquired at the same rate? How? (3)

A

Yes

No

Those speaking GAE acquired /θ/ earlier

Those speaking AAE acquired /s, z/ early but had more stop, fricative, and affricate errors

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23
Q

What is the regional difference between EAE (Eastern American English) and SAE (Southern American English)

A

EAE is spoken up north

SAE is spoken down south

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24
Q

Where is EAE (Eastern American English) spoken?

3

A

Northern edge = Vermont to the north

Western edge = parts of Iowa and Minnesota

Southern edge = New Jersey

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25
Where is SAE (Southern American English) spoken? | 3
Northern edge = Maryland Western edge = Texas Southern edge = Florida
26
Where is OE (Ozark English) spoken? | 3
Northern Arkansas Southern Missouri NW Oklahoma
27
Where is AE (Appalachian English) spoken? | 5
Tennessee North Carolina Virginia West Virginia Kentucky
28
What are seven vowel patterns in EAE (Eastern American English)?
Tense -> Lax (/rili/ -> /rɪlɪ/) Lax -> Tense (/hæf/ - /hɑf/) ɑ/ɔ Differentiation Lowering (/fɔr/ - > /fɑr/) Derhoticazation (/fɔɚ/ - > /fɔə/) /r/ Deletion (/kɑr/ -> /kɑ/) /r/ Addition (/lɪndə/ - > lɪndɚ/)
29
What are eight vowel patterns in SAE (Southern American English)?
Tense -> Lax (/rut -> /rʊt/) Lax -> Tense (/ɛg/ - > /eg/) Vowel Neutralization (/pɛn/ -> /pɪn/) Diphthong Reduction (/pɑɪ/ -> /pɑ/) ɑ/ɔ Differentiation Lowering (/fɔɚ/ - > /fɑɚ/) Derhoticazation (/fɔɚ/ - > /fɔə/) /r/ Deletion (/kɑr/ -> /kɑ/)
30
What are three consonant patterns in EAE (Eastern American English)?
/j/ Addition (/nu/ -> /nju/) Glottalization (/bɑtəl/ -> /bɑʔəl/) /t, d/ Substitution for /θ, ð/ (/ðɪs/ -> /dɪs/)
31
What are three consonant patterns in SAE (Southern American English)?
Velar Fronting (/rʌnɪŋ/ -> /rʌnɪn/) /j/ Addition (/nu/ -> /nju/) Voicing Assimilation (/grisi/ -> /grizi/)
32
What are eight characteristics of Appalachian and Ozark English?
Epenthesis Following Clusters (/gosts/ -> /gostəs/) Intrusive /t/ ("once": /wʌns/ -> /wʌnst/) - usually follow /s/ or /f/ Stopping of Fricatives (/ðe/ -> /de/) Initial /w/ Reduction (/wɪl/ -> /ɪl/) Initial Unstressed Syllable Deletion (/əlɑʊd/ -> /lɑʊd/) /h/ Retention (/ɪt/ -> /hɪt/) Retroflex /r/ when post-consonantal or intervocalic (/θro/ -> /θo/; /kæri/ -> /kæi/) Lateral /l/ (/wʊlf/ -> /wʊf/)
33
What is a Primary Language?
One's language used at home
34
When do immigrants tend to loose their language of origin?q
Third generation
35
What sorts of information do SLPs need to gather when assessing individuals whose home language is not English? (4)
Segmental Prosodic Syllabic Developmental
36
What is a Pidgin? | 2
A communication system used for groups of people with no common language Derives from 2+ languages
37
What are characteristic of Pidgins? | 2
Limited vocabulary Simplified syntactic structure
38
What is a Creole? | 2
A pidgin that becomes the mother tongue of a community It is the primary input language of the next generation (pidgin becomes a creole)
39
How does a Creole differ from a Pidgin? | 5
Phonological complexity Semantic complexity Lexicon increase Syntactic complexity Pragmatic complexity
40
What are four common Creoles in the USA? | 4
Gullah Hawaiian Creole Louisiana French Creole Haitian Creole
41
Where is Gullah spoken?
Off the coasts of SC and Georgia
42
What are some phonological features of Gullah? /4/
Substitution of /a/ for /æ/ Substitution of /t, d/ for /θ, ð/ Substitution of /ʤ/ for /z/ Deletion of postvocalic /r/
43
What are some phonological features of Hawaiian Creole? /4/
Substitution of /t, d/ for /θ, ð/ Backing in /r/ clusters (/str/ -> /ʃr/) Deletion of postvocalic /r/ Deletion of second portion of word-final abutting consonants (/nɛst/ -> /nɛs/)
44
Is Louisiana French Creole the same as Cajun?
No (Cajun is a variety of regional French)
45
What are seven phonological patterns seen in Louisiana French Creole?
Abutting consonants across word boundaries are assimilated to voicing of second member of consonant pair (/pæs ðɪs/ -> pæz ðɪs/) Deletion of word-final consonants Weakening or deletion of word-final unstressed syllables Deaspiration of unvoiced stops Substitution of /t, d/ for /θ, ð/ Vowel raising (/ɛ/ -> /i/) Monophthongization of /aɪ/
46
What types of consonants exist in Haitian Creole? | 4
Stops Fricatives Nasals Liquids
47
Spanish is the _____ most common language in United States.
Second
48
What are Conservative Dialects?
Ones where syllable and word-final consonants are preserved
49
What are Radical Dialects?
Ones where final consonants tend to be deleted
50
What do Spanish dialects tend to vary? Why is this important to SLPs?
Consonant sound classes We need to know the child speaks Spanish and the dialect of Spanish
51
What are the first kinds of syllables spoken by Spanish-speaking infants?
CV containing oral and nasal stops and front vowels
52
What have Spanish-speaking children mastered by 3.5 years? | 3
Dialect features of their community Vowel system Majority of consonants
53
What have Spanish-speaking infants mastered by 18 months?
All vowels
54
What consonants do TD developing Spanish-speaking children exhibit difficulty with at the end of preschool? (2)
Consonant clusters Phonemes including /ð, s, ʃ, ʧ, ɾ, r, l/
55
What phonological processes have TD developing Spanish-speaking children mastered at the end of preschool? (4)
Cluster reduction Unstressed syllable deletion Stridency deletion Tap/trill deviation
56
What phonological processes do TD developing Spanish-speaking children exhibit difficulty with at the end of preschool? (5)
Velar and palatal fronting Prevocalic singleton omission Stopping Liquid simplification Assimilation
57
What are the three major families of Asian Languages?
100 Austro-Asiatic languages (SE Asia - including Khmer, Hmong, Vietnamese) Tai family (Thailand, Laos, N. Vietnam, parts of China) Sino-Tibetan (China, Tibet, Burma, Mandarin, Cantonese)
58
What are the two main dialects in Chinese?
Mandarin Cantonese
59
What are the only final consonant syllables in Mandarin? | 2
/n/ /ŋ/
60
What types of fricatives do NOT exist in Korean? | 3
Labiodental Interdental Palatal
61
How many vowels are in Hawaiian? Consonants?
5 vowels 8 consonants
62
How many initial consonants exist in Hmong? Vowels? Tones? Final consonants?
56 initial consonants 13-14 vowels 7 tones 1 final consonant /ŋ/
63
How many syllable types exist in Laotian?
3
64
How many syllable types exist in Khmer?
8
65
What kinds of final consonants exist in Vietnamese? | 2
Voiceless stops Nasals
66
Does Korean have tonic stress?
No. It can sound monotone
67
What are tone languages?
Ones where changes in pitch can change word meaning
68
What are the two types of tones?
Register Contour
69
What are Register Tones? | 2
Level tones High - mid - low
70
What are Contour Tones?
Combinations of register tones within one syllable
71
When does perceptual discrimination of tones begin in infants?
As early as 10 months
72
What do infants learn first: segments or tones?
Tones
73
What phonological patterns still persist in Cantonese by 4 years? (2)
Cluster reduction Stopping
74
What is most affected in Cantonese children with SSD? | 2
Consonants (/s/ and aspiration) Tones and vowels produced correctly
75
What Japanese consonants are acquired after 4 years? | 4
/s/ /ts/ /z/ /ɾ/
76
When are vowels acquired in Japanese children? When are phonological processes usually extinguished? What is the accuracy of speech sound production?
By 3 years By 5 years 94%
77
What Korean consonants are acquired after 3 years? (3) When are phonological processes usually extinguished?
/l/ /ɾ/ /s/ 6;5
78
Consonants in Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese) are acquired by _____ with ___% accuracy. Vowels are acquired by ___.
4;6 92% 2
79
What phonological patterns persist in Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese) past 4;6? (5)
Fronting Backing Deaspiration Final /n/ deletion Triphthong reduction
80
What consonants do Thai children acquire after 5;0? | 2
/s/ /r/
81
What phonological patterns are exhibited by Thai children? | 6
Fronting Backing Stopping Cluster reduction Final consonant deletion Stridency deletion
82
What is adult like in Vietnamese children with SSDs? | 5
Tone Vowels Most stops Most nasals Most glides
83
What phonological patterns are seen in Vietnamese children with SSDs? (7)
Fronting Backing Gliding Stopping Glottal replacement Velar assimilation Final consonant deletion
84
What is unusual in consonant acquisition in Vietnamese?
Back consonants are acquired before front ones
85
When children in Asian language have SSDs, do they have more trouble with salient or less salient syllables?
Less salient (syllable, consonants) | Salient -> vowels, tones
86
What are the four groups of children with SSD in Asian Languages?
Delayed Phonological Development (rules and processes used by 10% of children) Consistent Use of 1+ Rules (not used by more than 10%) Articulation Disorder Making of Inconsistent Errors
87
Phonological development in bilingual children is ______ than monolingual children. Could they differentiate each phonology?
Slower Yes
88
What is interesting about error patterns in bilingual children?
They exhibit a larger number of errors and atypical errors
89
What does Negative Transfer mean?
Child develops phonological skills in both languages slower than his monolingual peers
90
What does Positive Transfer mean?
Child develops phonological skills in both languages faster or commensurate with his monolingual peers.
91
Do most studies show that the language ability of bilingual children is commensurate with their monolingual peers? (2)
Yes They catch up eventually
92
What is bi-directional influence?
When the languages in a bilingual person influence each other
93
What are five examples of the phonology of one language influencing another?
Languages don't have the same phonetic inventories Languages have a different distribution of sounds (Hmong only has the final sound /ŋ/). Consonants have different places of articulation (Spanish /d/ more dentalized) Languages have different phonological rules How and when pronunciation is acquired contributes to how languages influence each other (learning to write English words before learning sound-letter correspondence)
94
What do we need to learn when assessing a bilingual child?
Is the child's phonological system within normal limits for their linguistic community (but don't assume based on location or race)
95
Is it possible to misdiagnosis a child with an SSD if we do not consider dialect?
Yes
96
What three things can SLPs do to account for dialectical features?
Become knowledgeable with the features of the dialect or language Sample adult speakers in the child's community Ask for more information from interpreter
97
Which language should we assess bilingual children in?
Both if at all possible
98
What should be included in an assessment of a bilingual child? (2)
Formal measures (assessments, etc.) Informal measures (speech sample, etc.)
99
What question can we ask parents about a child's dialectical use?
Does your child sound like other children in their peer group?
100
When performing elective dialect reduction, what other targets should be included beyond speech sounds? (3)
Stress Pitch Intonation
101
What is a Bilingual Approach? | 4
Address sounds common in both languages first Identify errors in both languages Most likely to improve intelligibility across languages Generalization
102
What is a Cross-Linguistic Approach? | 2
Focus on specific skills that exist in only one language Both languages are targeted; however skills are worked on separately in each

ECU ARTIC/PHON exam 1 (13 decks)

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