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ECU ARTIC/PHON exam 1 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are dialects?

2

A

Forms of a language associated with a specific region, social class, or ethnic group

Sounds and prosody often change

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2
Q

What dialect is considered “proper” American English by many people?

A

General American English

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3
Q

What is Dialect Leveling?

2

A

When one particular dialect is used through education and broadcasting

It can also occur because of increased contact between dialect groups

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4
Q

Does everyone speak with a dialect?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Are dialectical features always distinct and noticeable?

2

A

No

Some are shared by several dialects

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6
Q

How are dialects acquired?

A

By interacting and living among members of that speech community

(e.g., native Spanish speakers living in African-American communities)

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7
Q

Are dialect patterns random?

2

A

No

They have regular patterns and are governed by rules

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8
Q

Do dialects have different levels of prestige?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is a Register?

What does this depend upon?

A

A speaker’s use of particular features

On the context and conversational partners

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10
Q

What do we call a person’s collection of registers?

A

Registral varieties

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11
Q

What do we call the extent of someone’s use of dialectical features?

What does this depend on? (3)

A

Dialect density

Socio-economic status

Geography

Education

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12
Q

What is Social Diagnosticity?

A

Differences in Dialect Density associated with socio-economic status

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13
Q

What is Gradient Stratification?

How does this relate to AAE (African-American English)?

A

Systematic differences in the use dialect features

More features of AAE were used in those in lower SE groups than in higher ones

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14
Q

What is Sharp Stratification?

How does this relate to AAE (African-American English)?

A

Linguistic features that clearly differentiate SE groups based on frequency of usage

Substitution of /f/ for /θ/ denotes identification of working class

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15
Q

How does Sharp Stratification relate to Social Diagnosticity?

A

Features classified as containing Sharp Stratification tend to have greater Social Diagnosticity

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16
Q

What are six common American English Dialects?

A

General American English

African American English

Eastern American English

Southern American English

Appalachian English

Ozark Engligh

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17
Q

Do you need to be African American to have an AAE dialect?

A

No

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18
Q

What 12 features distinguish AAE from GAE?

A

Word-final cluster reduction

/r/ deletion or vocalization

/l/ deletion or vocalization in word-final consonants

Final nasal deletion when preceded by nasal

Pin-Pen merger (/ɪ/ substituted for /ɛ/ before nasals)

In /str/ clusters, /k/ substituted for /t/

Intervocalic reduction of /θr/ to /θ/

Intervocalic substitution of /f, v/ for /θ, ð/

Word-final substitution of /f/ for /θ/

Word-medial substitution of /b, d/ for /v, z/ before nasals

Stopping of word-initial interdentals

Metathesis

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19
Q

Is a dialect speaker required to produce all dialect features?

A

No

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20
Q

Has there been adequate research into the phonological development of different dialects?

What is the most important position to pay attention to in AAE?

A

No

Initial

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21
Q

Do preschoolers speaking GAE and AAE exhibit similar phonological patterns?

Do these occur with the same frequency?

A

Yes

No

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22
Q

Are the phonetic skill of children speaking AAE similar to those speaking GAE?

Are phonemes acquired at the same rate? How? (3)

A

Yes

No

Those speaking GAE acquired /θ/ earlier

Those speaking AAE acquired /s, z/ early but had more stop, fricative, and affricate errors

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23
Q

What is the regional difference between EAE (Eastern American English) and SAE (Southern American English)

A

EAE is spoken up north

SAE is spoken down south

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24
Q

Where is EAE (Eastern American English) spoken?

3

A

Northern edge = Vermont to the north

Western edge = parts of Iowa and Minnesota

Southern edge = New Jersey

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25
Q

Where is SAE (Southern American English) spoken?

3

A

Northern edge = Maryland

Western edge = Texas

Southern edge = Florida

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26
Q

Where is OE (Ozark English) spoken?

3

A

Northern Arkansas

Southern Missouri

NW Oklahoma

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27
Q

Where is AE (Appalachian English) spoken?

5

A

Tennessee

North Carolina

Virginia

West Virginia

Kentucky

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28
Q

What are seven vowel patterns in EAE (Eastern American English)?

A

Tense -> Lax (/rili/ -> /rɪlɪ/)

Lax -> Tense (/hæf/ - /hɑf/)

ɑ/ɔ Differentiation

Lowering (/fɔr/ - > /fɑr/)

Derhoticazation (/fɔɚ/ - > /fɔə/)

/r/ Deletion (/kɑr/ -> /kɑ/)

/r/ Addition (/lɪndə/ - > lɪndɚ/)

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29
Q

What are eight vowel patterns in SAE (Southern American English)?

A

Tense -> Lax (/rut -> /rʊt/)

Lax -> Tense (/ɛg/ - > /eg/)

Vowel Neutralization (/pɛn/ -> /pɪn/)

Diphthong Reduction (/pɑɪ/ -> /pɑ/)

ɑ/ɔ Differentiation

Lowering (/fɔɚ/ - > /fɑɚ/)

Derhoticazation (/fɔɚ/ - > /fɔə/)

/r/ Deletion (/kɑr/ -> /kɑ/)

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30
Q

What are three consonant patterns in EAE (Eastern American English)?

A

/j/ Addition (/nu/ -> /nju/)

Glottalization (/bɑtəl/ -> /bɑʔəl/)

/t, d/ Substitution for /θ, ð/ (/ðɪs/ -> /dɪs/)

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31
Q

What are three consonant patterns in SAE (Southern American English)?

A

Velar Fronting (/rʌnɪŋ/ -> /rʌnɪn/)

/j/ Addition (/nu/ -> /nju/)

Voicing Assimilation (/grisi/ -> /grizi/)

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32
Q

What are eight characteristics of Appalachian and Ozark English?

A

Epenthesis Following Clusters (/gosts/ -> /gostəs/)

Intrusive /t/ (“once”: /wʌns/ -> /wʌnst/) - usually follow /s/ or /f/

Stopping of Fricatives (/ðe/ -> /de/)

Initial /w/ Reduction (/wɪl/ -> /ɪl/)

Initial Unstressed Syllable Deletion (/əlɑʊd/ -> /lɑʊd/)

/h/ Retention (/ɪt/ -> /hɪt/)

Retroflex /r/ when post-consonantal or intervocalic (/θro/ -> /θo/; /kæri/ -> /kæi/)

Lateral /l/ (/wʊlf/ -> /wʊf/)

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33
Q

What is a Primary Language?

A

One’s language used at home

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34
Q

When do immigrants tend to loose their language of origin?q

A

Third generation

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35
Q

What sorts of information do SLPs need to gather when assessing individuals whose home language is not English?

(4)

A

Segmental

Prosodic

Syllabic

Developmental

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36
Q

What is a Pidgin?

2

A

A communication system used for groups of people with no common language

Derives from 2+ languages

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37
Q

What are characteristic of Pidgins?

2

A

Limited vocabulary

Simplified syntactic structure

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38
Q

What is a Creole?

2

A

A pidgin that becomes the mother tongue of a community

It is the primary input language of the next generation (pidgin becomes a creole)

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39
Q

How does a Creole differ from a Pidgin?

5

A

Phonological complexity

Semantic complexity

Lexicon increase

Syntactic complexity

Pragmatic complexity

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40
Q

What are four common Creoles in the USA?

4

A

Gullah

Hawaiian Creole

Louisiana French Creole

Haitian Creole

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41
Q

Where is Gullah spoken?

A

Off the coasts of SC and Georgia

42
Q

What are some phonological features of Gullah?

/4/

A

Substitution of /a/ for /æ/

Substitution of /t, d/ for /θ, ð/

Substitution of /ʤ/ for /z/

Deletion of postvocalic /r/

43
Q

What are some phonological features of Hawaiian Creole?

/4/

A

Substitution of /t, d/ for /θ, ð/

Backing in /r/ clusters (/str/ -> /ʃr/)

Deletion of postvocalic /r/

Deletion of second portion of word-final abutting consonants (/nɛst/ -> /nɛs/)

44
Q

Is Louisiana French Creole the same as Cajun?

A

No (Cajun is a variety of regional French)

45
Q

What are seven phonological patterns seen in Louisiana French Creole?

A

Abutting consonants across word boundaries are assimilated to voicing of second member of consonant pair (/pæs ðɪs/ -> pæz ðɪs/)

Deletion of word-final consonants

Weakening or deletion of word-final unstressed syllables

Deaspiration of unvoiced stops

Substitution of /t, d/ for /θ, ð/

Vowel raising (/ɛ/ -> /i/)

Monophthongization of /aɪ/

46
Q

What types of consonants exist in Haitian Creole?

4

A

Stops

Fricatives

Nasals

Liquids

47
Q

Spanish is the _____ most common language in United States.

A

Second

48
Q

What are Conservative Dialects?

A

Ones where syllable and word-final consonants are preserved

49
Q

What are Radical Dialects?

A

Ones where final consonants tend to be deleted

50
Q

What do Spanish dialects tend to vary?

Why is this important to SLPs?

A

Consonant sound classes

We need to know the child speaks Spanish and the dialect of Spanish

51
Q

What are the first kinds of syllables spoken by Spanish-speaking infants?

A

CV containing oral and nasal stops and front vowels

52
Q

What have Spanish-speaking children mastered by 3.5 years?

3

A

Dialect features of their community

Vowel system

Majority of consonants

53
Q

What have Spanish-speaking infants mastered by 18 months?

A

All vowels

54
Q

What consonants do TD developing Spanish-speaking children exhibit difficulty with at the end of preschool?

(2)

A

Consonant clusters

Phonemes including /ð, s, ʃ, ʧ, ɾ, r, l/

55
Q

What phonological processes have TD developing Spanish-speaking children mastered at the end of preschool?

(4)

A

Cluster reduction

Unstressed syllable deletion

Stridency deletion

Tap/trill deviation

56
Q

What phonological processes do TD developing Spanish-speaking children exhibit difficulty with at the end of preschool?

(5)

A

Velar and palatal fronting

Prevocalic singleton omission

Stopping

Liquid simplification

Assimilation

57
Q

What are the three major families of Asian Languages?

A

100 Austro-Asiatic languages (SE Asia - including Khmer, Hmong, Vietnamese)

Tai family (Thailand, Laos, N. Vietnam, parts of China)

Sino-Tibetan (China, Tibet, Burma, Mandarin, Cantonese)

58
Q

What are the two main dialects in Chinese?

A

Mandarin

Cantonese

59
Q

What are the only final consonant syllables in Mandarin?

2

A

/n/

/ŋ/

60
Q

What types of fricatives do NOT exist in Korean?

3

A

Labiodental

Interdental

Palatal

61
Q

How many vowels are in Hawaiian?

Consonants?

A

5 vowels

8 consonants

62
Q

How many initial consonants exist in Hmong?

Vowels?

Tones?

Final consonants?

A

56 initial consonants

13-14 vowels

7 tones

1 final consonant /ŋ/

63
Q

How many syllable types exist in Laotian?

A

3

64
Q

How many syllable types exist in Khmer?

A

8

65
Q

What kinds of final consonants exist in Vietnamese?

2

A

Voiceless stops

Nasals

66
Q

Does Korean have tonic stress?

A

No. It can sound monotone

67
Q

What are tone languages?

A

Ones where changes in pitch can change word meaning

68
Q

What are the two types of tones?

A

Register

Contour

69
Q

What are Register Tones?

2

A

Level tones

High - mid - low

70
Q

What are Contour Tones?

A

Combinations of register tones within one syllable

71
Q

When does perceptual discrimination of tones begin in infants?

A

As early as 10 months

72
Q

What do infants learn first: segments or tones?

A

Tones

73
Q

What phonological patterns still persist in Cantonese by 4 years?

(2)

A

Cluster reduction

Stopping

74
Q

What is most affected in Cantonese children with SSD?

2

A

Consonants (/s/ and aspiration)

Tones and vowels produced correctly

75
Q

What Japanese consonants are acquired after 4 years?

4

A

/s/

/ts/

/z/

/ɾ/

76
Q

When are vowels acquired in Japanese children?

When are phonological processes usually extinguished?

What is the accuracy of speech sound production?

A

By 3 years

By 5 years

94%

77
Q

What Korean consonants are acquired after 3 years? (3)

When are phonological processes usually extinguished?

A

/l/

/ɾ/

/s/

6;5

78
Q

Consonants in Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese) are acquired by _____ with ___% accuracy. Vowels are acquired by ___.

A

4;6

92%

2

79
Q

What phonological patterns persist in Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese) past 4;6?

(5)

A

Fronting

Backing

Deaspiration

Final /n/ deletion

Triphthong reduction

80
Q

What consonants do Thai children acquire after 5;0?

2

A

/s/

/r/

81
Q

What phonological patterns are exhibited by Thai children?

6

A

Fronting

Backing

Stopping

Cluster reduction

Final consonant deletion

Stridency deletion

82
Q

What is adult like in Vietnamese children with SSDs?

5

A

Tone

Vowels

Most stops

Most nasals

Most glides

83
Q

What phonological patterns are seen in Vietnamese children with SSDs?

(7)

A

Fronting

Backing

Gliding

Stopping

Glottal replacement

Velar assimilation

Final consonant deletion

84
Q

What is unusual in consonant acquisition in Vietnamese?

A

Back consonants are acquired before front ones

85
Q

When children in Asian language have SSDs, do they have more trouble with salient or less salient syllables?

A

Less salient (syllable, consonants)

Salient -> vowels, tones

86
Q

What are the four groups of children with SSD in Asian Languages?

A

Delayed Phonological Development (rules and processes used by 10% of children)

Consistent Use of 1+ Rules (not used by more than 10%)

Articulation Disorder

Making of Inconsistent Errors

87
Q

Phonological development in bilingual children is ______ than monolingual children.

Could they differentiate each phonology?

A

Slower

Yes

88
Q

What is interesting about error patterns in bilingual children?

A

They exhibit a larger number of errors and atypical errors

89
Q

What does Negative Transfer mean?

A

Child develops phonological skills in both languages slower than his monolingual peers

90
Q

What does Positive Transfer mean?

A

Child develops phonological skills in both languages faster or commensurate with his monolingual peers.

91
Q

Do most studies show that the language ability of bilingual children is commensurate with their monolingual peers?

(2)

A

Yes

They catch up eventually

92
Q

What is bi-directional influence?

A

When the languages in a bilingual person influence each other

93
Q

What are five examples of the phonology of one language influencing another?

A

Languages don’t have the same phonetic inventories

Languages have a different distribution of sounds (Hmong only has the final sound /ŋ/).

Consonants have different places of articulation (Spanish /d/ more dentalized)

Languages have different phonological rules

How and when pronunciation is acquired contributes to how languages influence each other (learning to write English words before learning sound-letter correspondence)

94
Q

What do we need to learn when assessing a bilingual child?

A

Is the child’s phonological system within normal limits for their linguistic community (but don’t assume based on location or race)

95
Q

Is it possible to misdiagnosis a child with an SSD if we do not consider dialect?

A

Yes

96
Q

What three things can SLPs do to account for dialectical features?

A

Become knowledgeable with the features of the dialect or language

Sample adult speakers in the child’s community

Ask for more information from interpreter

97
Q

Which language should we assess bilingual children in?

A

Both if at all possible

98
Q

What should be included in an assessment of a bilingual child?

(2)

A

Formal measures (assessments, etc.)

Informal measures (speech sample, etc.)

99
Q

What question can we ask parents about a child’s dialectical use?

A

Does your child sound like other children in their peer group?

100
Q

When performing elective dialect reduction, what other targets should be included beyond speech sounds?

(3)

A

Stress

Pitch

Intonation

101
Q

What is a Bilingual Approach?

4

A

Address sounds common in both languages first

Identify errors in both languages

Most likely to improve intelligibility across languages

Generalization

102
Q

What is a Cross-Linguistic Approach?

2

A

Focus on specific skills that exist in only one language

Both languages are targeted; however skills are worked on separately in each

ECU ARTIC/PHON exam 1 (13 decks)

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