Chapter 11 Flashcards
What are dialects?
2
Forms of a language associated with a specific region, social class, or ethnic group
Sounds and prosody often change
What dialect is considered “proper” American English by many people?
General American English
What is Dialect Leveling?
2
When one particular dialect is used through education and broadcasting
It can also occur because of increased contact between dialect groups
Does everyone speak with a dialect?
Yes
Are dialectical features always distinct and noticeable?
2
No
Some are shared by several dialects
How are dialects acquired?
By interacting and living among members of that speech community
(e.g., native Spanish speakers living in African-American communities)
Are dialect patterns random?
2
No
They have regular patterns and are governed by rules
Do dialects have different levels of prestige?
Yes
What is a Register?
What does this depend upon?
A speaker’s use of particular features
On the context and conversational partners
What do we call a person’s collection of registers?
Registral varieties
What do we call the extent of someone’s use of dialectical features?
What does this depend on? (3)
Dialect density
Socio-economic status
Geography
Education
What is Social Diagnosticity?
Differences in Dialect Density associated with socio-economic status
What is Gradient Stratification?
How does this relate to AAE (African-American English)?
Systematic differences in the use dialect features
More features of AAE were used in those in lower SE groups than in higher ones
What is Sharp Stratification?
How does this relate to AAE (African-American English)?
Linguistic features that clearly differentiate SE groups based on frequency of usage
Substitution of /f/ for /θ/ denotes identification of working class
How does Sharp Stratification relate to Social Diagnosticity?
Features classified as containing Sharp Stratification tend to have greater Social Diagnosticity
What are six common American English Dialects?
General American English
African American English
Eastern American English
Southern American English
Appalachian English
Ozark Engligh
Do you need to be African American to have an AAE dialect?
No
What 12 features distinguish AAE from GAE?
Word-final cluster reduction
/r/ deletion or vocalization
/l/ deletion or vocalization in word-final consonants
Final nasal deletion when preceded by nasal
Pin-Pen merger (/ɪ/ substituted for /ɛ/ before nasals)
In /str/ clusters, /k/ substituted for /t/
Intervocalic reduction of /θr/ to /θ/
Intervocalic substitution of /f, v/ for /θ, ð/
Word-final substitution of /f/ for /θ/
Word-medial substitution of /b, d/ for /v, z/ before nasals
Stopping of word-initial interdentals
Metathesis
Is a dialect speaker required to produce all dialect features?
No
Has there been adequate research into the phonological development of different dialects?
What is the most important position to pay attention to in AAE?
No
Initial
Do preschoolers speaking GAE and AAE exhibit similar phonological patterns?
Do these occur with the same frequency?
Yes
No
Are the phonetic skill of children speaking AAE similar to those speaking GAE?
Are phonemes acquired at the same rate? How? (3)
Yes
No
Those speaking GAE acquired /θ/ earlier
Those speaking AAE acquired /s, z/ early but had more stop, fricative, and affricate errors
What is the regional difference between EAE (Eastern American English) and SAE (Southern American English)
EAE is spoken up north
SAE is spoken down south
Where is EAE (Eastern American English) spoken?
3
Northern edge = Vermont to the north
Western edge = parts of Iowa and Minnesota
Southern edge = New Jersey
Where is SAE (Southern American English) spoken?
3
Northern edge = Maryland
Western edge = Texas
Southern edge = Florida
Where is OE (Ozark English) spoken?
3
Northern Arkansas
Southern Missouri
NW Oklahoma
Where is AE (Appalachian English) spoken?
5
Tennessee
North Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
Kentucky
What are seven vowel patterns in EAE (Eastern American English)?
Tense -> Lax (/rili/ -> /rɪlɪ/)
Lax -> Tense (/hæf/ - /hɑf/)
ɑ/ɔ Differentiation
Lowering (/fɔr/ - > /fɑr/)
Derhoticazation (/fɔɚ/ - > /fɔə/)
/r/ Deletion (/kɑr/ -> /kɑ/)
/r/ Addition (/lɪndə/ - > lɪndɚ/)
What are eight vowel patterns in SAE (Southern American English)?
Tense -> Lax (/rut -> /rʊt/)
Lax -> Tense (/ɛg/ - > /eg/)
Vowel Neutralization (/pɛn/ -> /pɪn/)
Diphthong Reduction (/pɑɪ/ -> /pɑ/)
ɑ/ɔ Differentiation
Lowering (/fɔɚ/ - > /fɑɚ/)
Derhoticazation (/fɔɚ/ - > /fɔə/)
/r/ Deletion (/kɑr/ -> /kɑ/)
What are three consonant patterns in EAE (Eastern American English)?
/j/ Addition (/nu/ -> /nju/)
Glottalization (/bɑtəl/ -> /bɑʔəl/)
/t, d/ Substitution for /θ, ð/ (/ðɪs/ -> /dɪs/)
What are three consonant patterns in SAE (Southern American English)?
Velar Fronting (/rʌnɪŋ/ -> /rʌnɪn/)
/j/ Addition (/nu/ -> /nju/)
Voicing Assimilation (/grisi/ -> /grizi/)
What are eight characteristics of Appalachian and Ozark English?
Epenthesis Following Clusters (/gosts/ -> /gostəs/)
Intrusive /t/ (“once”: /wʌns/ -> /wʌnst/) - usually follow /s/ or /f/
Stopping of Fricatives (/ðe/ -> /de/)
Initial /w/ Reduction (/wɪl/ -> /ɪl/)
Initial Unstressed Syllable Deletion (/əlɑʊd/ -> /lɑʊd/)
/h/ Retention (/ɪt/ -> /hɪt/)
Retroflex /r/ when post-consonantal or intervocalic (/θro/ -> /θo/; /kæri/ -> /kæi/)
Lateral /l/ (/wʊlf/ -> /wʊf/)
What is a Primary Language?
One’s language used at home
When do immigrants tend to loose their language of origin?q
Third generation
What sorts of information do SLPs need to gather when assessing individuals whose home language is not English?
(4)
Segmental
Prosodic
Syllabic
Developmental
What is a Pidgin?
2
A communication system used for groups of people with no common language
Derives from 2+ languages
What are characteristic of Pidgins?
2
Limited vocabulary
Simplified syntactic structure
What is a Creole?
2
A pidgin that becomes the mother tongue of a community
It is the primary input language of the next generation (pidgin becomes a creole)
How does a Creole differ from a Pidgin?
5
Phonological complexity
Semantic complexity
Lexicon increase
Syntactic complexity
Pragmatic complexity
What are four common Creoles in the USA?
4
Gullah
Hawaiian Creole
Louisiana French Creole
Haitian Creole
Where is Gullah spoken?
Off the coasts of SC and Georgia
What are some phonological features of Gullah?
/4/
Substitution of /a/ for /æ/
Substitution of /t, d/ for /θ, ð/
Substitution of /ʤ/ for /z/
Deletion of postvocalic /r/
What are some phonological features of Hawaiian Creole?
/4/
Substitution of /t, d/ for /θ, ð/
Backing in /r/ clusters (/str/ -> /ʃr/)
Deletion of postvocalic /r/
Deletion of second portion of word-final abutting consonants (/nɛst/ -> /nɛs/)
Is Louisiana French Creole the same as Cajun?
No (Cajun is a variety of regional French)
What are seven phonological patterns seen in Louisiana French Creole?
Abutting consonants across word boundaries are assimilated to voicing of second member of consonant pair (/pæs ðɪs/ -> pæz ðɪs/)
Deletion of word-final consonants
Weakening or deletion of word-final unstressed syllables
Deaspiration of unvoiced stops
Substitution of /t, d/ for /θ, ð/
Vowel raising (/ɛ/ -> /i/)
Monophthongization of /aɪ/
What types of consonants exist in Haitian Creole?
4
Stops
Fricatives
Nasals
Liquids
Spanish is the _____ most common language in United States.
Second
What are Conservative Dialects?
Ones where syllable and word-final consonants are preserved
What are Radical Dialects?
Ones where final consonants tend to be deleted
What do Spanish dialects tend to vary?
Why is this important to SLPs?
Consonant sound classes
We need to know the child speaks Spanish and the dialect of Spanish
What are the first kinds of syllables spoken by Spanish-speaking infants?
CV containing oral and nasal stops and front vowels
What have Spanish-speaking children mastered by 3.5 years?
3
Dialect features of their community
Vowel system
Majority of consonants
What have Spanish-speaking infants mastered by 18 months?
All vowels
What consonants do TD developing Spanish-speaking children exhibit difficulty with at the end of preschool?
(2)
Consonant clusters
Phonemes including /ð, s, ʃ, ʧ, ɾ, r, l/
What phonological processes have TD developing Spanish-speaking children mastered at the end of preschool?
(4)
Cluster reduction
Unstressed syllable deletion
Stridency deletion
Tap/trill deviation
What phonological processes do TD developing Spanish-speaking children exhibit difficulty with at the end of preschool?
(5)
Velar and palatal fronting
Prevocalic singleton omission
Stopping
Liquid simplification
Assimilation
What are the three major families of Asian Languages?
100 Austro-Asiatic languages (SE Asia - including Khmer, Hmong, Vietnamese)
Tai family (Thailand, Laos, N. Vietnam, parts of China)
Sino-Tibetan (China, Tibet, Burma, Mandarin, Cantonese)
What are the two main dialects in Chinese?
Mandarin
Cantonese
What are the only final consonant syllables in Mandarin?
2
/n/
/ŋ/
What types of fricatives do NOT exist in Korean?
3
Labiodental
Interdental
Palatal
How many vowels are in Hawaiian?
Consonants?
5 vowels
8 consonants
How many initial consonants exist in Hmong?
Vowels?
Tones?
Final consonants?
56 initial consonants
13-14 vowels
7 tones
1 final consonant /ŋ/
How many syllable types exist in Laotian?
3
How many syllable types exist in Khmer?
8
What kinds of final consonants exist in Vietnamese?
2
Voiceless stops
Nasals
Does Korean have tonic stress?
No. It can sound monotone
What are tone languages?
Ones where changes in pitch can change word meaning
What are the two types of tones?
Register
Contour
What are Register Tones?
2
Level tones
High - mid - low
What are Contour Tones?
Combinations of register tones within one syllable
When does perceptual discrimination of tones begin in infants?
As early as 10 months
What do infants learn first: segments or tones?
Tones
What phonological patterns still persist in Cantonese by 4 years?
(2)
Cluster reduction
Stopping
What is most affected in Cantonese children with SSD?
2
Consonants (/s/ and aspiration)
Tones and vowels produced correctly
What Japanese consonants are acquired after 4 years?
4
/s/
/ts/
/z/
/ɾ/
When are vowels acquired in Japanese children?
When are phonological processes usually extinguished?
What is the accuracy of speech sound production?
By 3 years
By 5 years
94%
What Korean consonants are acquired after 3 years? (3)
When are phonological processes usually extinguished?
/l/
/ɾ/
/s/
6;5
Consonants in Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese) are acquired by _____ with ___% accuracy. Vowels are acquired by ___.
4;6
92%
2
What phonological patterns persist in Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese) past 4;6?
(5)
Fronting
Backing
Deaspiration
Final /n/ deletion
Triphthong reduction
What consonants do Thai children acquire after 5;0?
2
/s/
/r/
What phonological patterns are exhibited by Thai children?
6
Fronting
Backing
Stopping
Cluster reduction
Final consonant deletion
Stridency deletion
What is adult like in Vietnamese children with SSDs?
5
Tone
Vowels
Most stops
Most nasals
Most glides
What phonological patterns are seen in Vietnamese children with SSDs?
(7)
Fronting
Backing
Gliding
Stopping
Glottal replacement
Velar assimilation
Final consonant deletion
What is unusual in consonant acquisition in Vietnamese?
Back consonants are acquired before front ones
When children in Asian language have SSDs, do they have more trouble with salient or less salient syllables?
Less salient (syllable, consonants)
Salient -> vowels, tones
What are the four groups of children with SSD in Asian Languages?
Delayed Phonological Development (rules and processes used by 10% of children)
Consistent Use of 1+ Rules (not used by more than 10%)
Articulation Disorder
Making of Inconsistent Errors
Phonological development in bilingual children is ______ than monolingual children.
Could they differentiate each phonology?
Slower
Yes
What is interesting about error patterns in bilingual children?
They exhibit a larger number of errors and atypical errors
What does Negative Transfer mean?
Child develops phonological skills in both languages slower than his monolingual peers
What does Positive Transfer mean?
Child develops phonological skills in both languages faster or commensurate with his monolingual peers.
Do most studies show that the language ability of bilingual children is commensurate with their monolingual peers?
(2)
Yes
They catch up eventually
What is bi-directional influence?
When the languages in a bilingual person influence each other
What are five examples of the phonology of one language influencing another?
Languages don’t have the same phonetic inventories
Languages have a different distribution of sounds (Hmong only has the final sound /ŋ/).
Consonants have different places of articulation (Spanish /d/ more dentalized)
Languages have different phonological rules
How and when pronunciation is acquired contributes to how languages influence each other (learning to write English words before learning sound-letter correspondence)
What do we need to learn when assessing a bilingual child?
Is the child’s phonological system within normal limits for their linguistic community (but don’t assume based on location or race)
Is it possible to misdiagnosis a child with an SSD if we do not consider dialect?
Yes
What three things can SLPs do to account for dialectical features?
Become knowledgeable with the features of the dialect or language
Sample adult speakers in the child’s community
Ask for more information from interpreter
Which language should we assess bilingual children in?
Both if at all possible
What should be included in an assessment of a bilingual child?
(2)
Formal measures (assessments, etc.)
Informal measures (speech sample, etc.)
What question can we ask parents about a child’s dialectical use?
Does your child sound like other children in their peer group?
When performing elective dialect reduction, what other targets should be included beyond speech sounds?
(3)
Stress
Pitch
Intonation
What is a Bilingual Approach?
4
Address sounds common in both languages first
Identify errors in both languages
Most likely to improve intelligibility across languages
Generalization
What is a Cross-Linguistic Approach?
2
Focus on specific skills that exist in only one language
Both languages are targeted; however skills are worked on separately in each
