chapter 5 Flashcards
What is Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) ?
Why is it dangerous to speech development? (2)
middle ear infection with fluid buildup
fluid blocks sound transmission and can cause temporary mild-moderate hearing loss
Frequent OME can lead to speech sound disorders due to the varying auditory input
What is the biggest indicator that OME will cause SSD?
Acces to medical care
In Speech Sound Perception, what is the difference between General versus Phoneme-Specific Measures?
Most children who have speech sound perception problems, typically struggle to differentiate specific phonemes.
They don’t necessarily have difficulty with speech perception for all sounds.
In Speech Sound Perception, what is the difference between External and Internal Monitoring?
Are either of these useful in therapy?
Internal: monitoring one’s own ongoing speech sound productions
External: is another person’s production of a sound is accurate
Research is unclear
In Speech Sound Perception, what is the difference between Discrimination Training and Production Performance?
Are either of these useful in therapy?
Discrimination Training - Teaching a child to differentiate between sounds
Production Performance - Teaching a child to produce sounds
Providing both seems to have the greatest impact
In Speech Sound Perception, what is Self-Monitoring?
Is this useful in therapy?
Identifying one’s own errors
Research has varied in whether this influences treatment outcomes.
Do SSD tend to stem from the inability to discriminate speech sounds?
No
How do structural variations of the Lips impact speech?
Rare - only with major variations
Ackerman syndrome, congenital double lip
How do structural variations of the Teeth impact speech?
2
Speakers with articulation errors more likely to have malocclusion than speakers with normal articulation
Usually not a significant factor
What is the difference between dental Occlusion and Malocclusion?
Occlusion (good) – first molars align when the jaws are closed
Malocclusion (bad) – imperfect/irregular position of the teeth when jaws are closed
How do structural variations of the Tongue impact speech?
2
Severe ankyloglossia (short frenulum) can be a factor but is RARE
Those with macroglossia or who have had partial glossectomy tend to be able to compensate
How do structural variations of the Hard Palate impact speech?
(3)
Usually able to be compensated for
Trouble when holes in the hard palate from cleft palate, surgical removal, etc.
Removal of the maxilla is a major problem
How does Oral Tactile Sensitivity affect SSD?
Oral sensory abilities tend to be lower in those who have articulation difficulties
What is the trouble with Oral Anesthetization during assessment?
Intelligibility is typically maintained in adults with normal articulation skills, but with more misarticulations and slower speech rate
What is Oral Form Recognition?
Has this been proven as significant?
Placing various forms in the mouth and asking the participant to match the form that they feel in their mouths to drawings of the form.
Research is inconsistent on whether those with misarticulation difficulty or whether there was no relationship between those two factors.
What is Oral Stereognosis?
Oral form identification
Does Oral Sensory Function aid Speech Sound Learning?
Some studies suggest that improving oral sensory awareness helps to improve articulation, but others do not support that idea.
Do children with speech sound disorders usually have a significant delay in general motor development?
No
What are two Oral-Facial Motor Skills?
Count by time procedure
Time by count procedure
What is Count By Time Procedure?
Counting the number of syllables spoken in a given interval of time
What is Time By Count Procedure?
Noting the time required to produce a designated number of syllables
Are Oral-Facial Motor Skills helpful in articulation therapy?
Unclear relationship between these skills and remedying SSD of unknown origin
Do those with SSD perform more poorly on diadochokinesis (DDK) tasks than those without speech sound disorders?
Does this have a bearing on their impact on articulate sounds in context?
Yes
Not enough research
What is Tongue Thrust?
2
A condition that involves the tongue having strong frontal or lateral contact with the teeth during swallowing
Can involve inadequate lip closure or incorrect resting posture of the tongue
What is a Tongue Thrust Swallow?
Directionality of tongue activity in swallowing
What is Habit Tongue Thrusting?
Occurs when no structural issues present
What is Obligatory Tongue Thrusting?
Occurs when there is obstruction or abnormally enlarged structures that require thrusting in order for proper swallowing to occur
How does Tongue Thrust impact
Articulation?
Dentition?
When at rest, can be associated with malocclusions and speech sound errors
Only typically impacts teeth and jaw structure when tongue has anterior resting position
Can combining speech therapy and oral myofunctional therapy successfully lead to improved speech and fewer tongue thrusting behaviors?
Yes
Does ASHA state that is within the SLP’s scope of practice to provide assessment and treatment of oral myofunctional disorders?
Can this be done alone?
Yes
No. SLPs should collaborate with other professionals (dentists, orthodontists, otolaryngologists, etc.)
Is frontal lisp associated with tongue thrust, malocclusion, and sibilant distortions?
Yes
What impact does Intelligence have on SSDs?
Is intelligence a good predictor for articulation?
ID individuals show typical patterns but a delay in speech sound development (more atypical in Down’s syndrome)
No
What is the impact of Language Development on SSDs?
Language and phonology appear to have a complex, synergetic relationship
What does research say is more important to impact: language or phonology?
Varied on which is more effective to treat
What is top-down processing?
Evaluating language from higher-level linguistic functions down to syntax and speech sound production
What is bottom-up processing?
Using feedback from speech production output to maintain higher-level linguistic functions
How does Academic Performance affect SSDs?
2
Research suggests that there are links between speech sound disorders and other areas of development, such as reading and spelling.
Phonological awareness may be what influences later literacy skills.
Articulation skills improve up to age _____. Afterwards, age is no longer a factor in speech sound development.
9
How does gender affect SSDs?
2
Females develop sounds slightly more quickly than males, but the difference disappears with age.
Research shows that more males have speech sound disorders than females
How does Socioeconomic Status Influences influence SSDs?
SES does not have a significant impact on the presence of speech sound disorders except in combination with other factors (such as the presence of otitis media with effusion).
How does Familial Tendencies Influences influence SSDs? (2)
What familial connection shows the most correlation in articulation?
Research shows some familial links but hard to verify whether these differences occur because of genetic or environmental influences.
Home environment may be a factor
Monozygotic (identical) twins typically correlate the most with each other in articulation
(Further genetic research is being completed to evaluate if there are specific genes responsible for speech sound disorders.)
How does Sibling Influences influence SSDs?
3
First born children and children with no siblings demonstrate slightly better articulation than younger siblings.
Bigger gaps in age difference leads to better articulation scores for the younger sibling.
Twins sometimes demonstrate unique patterns of sound production (idioglossia)
Is there a significant relationship between personality and presence of speech sound disorders?
No but, studies have shown weak positive correlative links between a person’s sensitivity levels and the presence of SSD
Has Pacifier Use been associated with SSDs?
Research has been inconclusive
