chapter 7 Flashcards
what are 5 types of pattern analysis?
- place-manner-voicing
- phonological pattern/process analysis
- multiple pattern occurrence
- unusual pattern occurrence
- sound preference
what is multiple pattern occurrence?
When one or more patterns are happening at the same time.
what is unusual pattern occurrence?
individual variation exists. Idiosyncratic processes. Should be concerned if they occur after 3-3:5.
what is sound preference (systematic)
A 1-2 segments are used to replace classes to simplify the product.
How do we choose targets for speech sound selection (5)
- stimulability
- frequency of occurrence
- developmental appropriateness
- contextual analysis
- phonological pattern analysis
What is the most important factor in determining intervention need?
Intelligibility
What are the factors that affect intelligibility?
5
Number and types of speech sound errors (ex: sound omissions affect intelligibility more than distortions)
Consistency of speech sound errors
Frequency of errors
Phonological patterns
Prosody
What are two ways of measuring intelligibility?
Number of intelligent words
Percentage of intelligent words
What should be the percent of intelligibilty at 1 yr?
2 yrs?
3 yrs?
4 yrs?
25%
50%
75%
100%
What are three ways to judge SSD severity?
Whole word accuracy
Judgment of individual segments (number and type of error)
Percentage of Consonants Correct
What percentage of PCC (percent consonants correct) would be considered mild?
Moderate?
Moderate to Severe?
Severe?
85- 100% Mild
65-85% Moderate
50-65% Moderate to Severe
> 50% Severe
What is Place- Manner- Voicing Analysis?
Simplest type of pattern analysis
Classifies errors based on their place, manner, and voice
What are the three types of Phonological Patterns/Processes?
Whole Word/ Syllable Patterns
Assimilatory (Harmony) Patterns
Segment Change/ Substitution Patterns
What are the Whole Word/ Syllable Patterns/Processes?
7
FInal Consonant Deletion- (bu for book)
Unstressed Syllable deletion- (tedo for potato)
Reduplication- syllable is repeated usually CVCV (dada)
Consonant Cluster Simplification- (tap for stop)
Epenthesis- segment usually unstressed schwa is inserted (bəlæk for black)
Metathesis- reversal of two segments (bæksɪt for basket)
Coalescence- characteristics of two features from two adjacent sounds are combined so that one sound replaces the other (fɪm for swim)
What are Assimilatory (Harmony) Patterns/Processes?
3
Velar Assimilation- nonvelar sound is changed to velar (gʌk for duck)
Nasal Assimilation- nonnasal sound is changed because of influence or dominance of nasal consonant (næni for candy)
Labial Assimilation- nonlabial sound is changed to a labial because of the influence of the labial sound (bɛb for bed)
What are Segment Change/Substitution Patterns/Processes?
11
Velar Fronting- substitutions are produced anterior or forward of the standard production ( ti for key)
Backing- sounds are substituted or replaced by segments produced to, or further back in the oral cavity than the standard position (kæn for tan)
Stopping- fricatives or affricates are replaced by stops (dæt for that)
Gliding of Liquids- prevocalic liquids are replaced by glids (wif for leaf)
Affrication- fricatives are replaced by affricates (tʃu for shoe)
Vocalization- liquids or nasals are replaced by vowels (tebo for table)
Denasalization- nasals are replaced by homoorganic stops (bud for moon)
Deaffrication- affricates are replaced by fricatives (sap for chop)
Glottal Replacement- glottal stops replace sounds usually in either intervocalic or final position (kæʔ for cat)
Prevocalic Voicing- voiceless consonants in the prevocalic position are voiced (dam for Tom)
Devoicing of Final Consonants- voiced obstruents are devoiced in final position (nos for nose)
What are the two theories surrounding stimulability?
if a sound related is stimulable then it can be a building block and allow faster success
if they are NOT stimulable then you should target areas that they are not stimulable because success in these targets will generalize to easier targets
Why is Frequency of Occurrence important in choosing targets?
The higher the frequency the greater the impact that it has on intelligibility.
Why is Developmental Appropriateness important in choosing targets?
Later rather than earlier sounds may lead to greater overall improvements in speech and quicker acquisition of less complex sounds
What is Contextual Analysis?
3
Facilitating phonetic contexts.
Surround sounds have a positive effect on the error sound.
Uses contexts for a quick efficient remediation of error
What phonological patterns should disappear by 3 yrs of age?
6
Unstressed syllable deletion
Final consonant deletion
Consonant assimilation
Reduplication
Velar fronting
Prevocalic voicing
What phonological patterns may persist after 3 yrs of age?
7
Cluster reduction
Epenthesis
Gliding
Vocalization
Stopping
Depalatalization
Final devoicing
What is Epenthesis?
The insertion of a segment (usually a schwa)
black -> /bəlæk/
sun -> /sθʌn/
What is Metathesis?
Transportation or reversal of two segments
spaghetti -> /pʌsgɛti/
What is Coalescence?
Features form two adjacent sounds are combined
One sound substituted for two
swim -> /fɪm/
Why do we need to consider dialects/second languages?
A dialect reflects only differences, not delays or disorders.
What do clinicians need to know about dialects?
3
Phonological characteristics, properties, and rules
How the primary language/dialect affects the learning of the second
Whether there are language or phonologic disorders in the child’s other language/dialect
Why are social-vocational expectations important clinically?
3
Attitude of client or family can be a factor in decisions about intervention
People working in radio/TV must be very precise in their articulation and want treatment for minor phonetic distortions or dialectal differences.
Treatment should usually be recommended or at least considered if an individual, regardless of age, feels limited by speech sound errors
(Insurance may not pay for all above)
What are computer-based analysis of phonological samples?
Responses into computer program which analyzes the patterns.
Why is computer-based analysis of phonological samples beneficial?
(3)
Saves time
Provides a more detailed analysis.
Faster and equal/better accuracy
