chapter 3 Flashcards
What is a traditional model of speech acquisition?
Behaviorist Model
Define the Behaviorist model.
stimulus-response paradigm. At one time it was believed that behaviorism was the basis for sound acquisition. Not any longer. As SLPs behaviorism is still in use. We give positive reinforcement for correct productions
What are the 5 models within the Linguistic Models of Speech Acquisition?
- Generative Phonology
- Natural Phonology
- Nonlinear Phonology
- Optimality Theory
- Sonority Hypothesis
Describe Generative Phonology.
Developed by Chomsky; not typical seen in broad application to SLP
- phonological rules map underlying representations onto surface pronunciations
- phonological descriptions depend on info from other linguistic levels (semantic and syntax)
Describe Natural Phonology.
Describes Phonological Processes. Greatest impact on SLP field; still in use. Provides insight of typical speech acquisition.
Describe Nonlinear Phonology.
Attempts to account for the idea that speech production is more than just phonemes.
2 tiers: prosodic and segmental
Discusses how syllabes are broken down (onset, coda, rime)
Describe Optimality Theory.
Relationship between limitations on speech productions (markedness constraints) and preserved features (faithfulness constraints). Still in use
Describe Sonority Hypothesis.
Sonority is the loudness of a sound relative to other sounds in the same pitch, stress and length. Hypothesis says that children reduce initial consonant clusters to produce maximal sonority. They also, present a fall in sonority with final consonant clusters. Still in use.
What is the Psycholinguistic Model?
provides potential explanation of children’s phonology. describes underlying representations in children’s speech and their production. Somewhere in between is the child’s stored lexicon or mental dictionary. Still in use.
How is Speech Acquisition Data Obtained?
- Diary studies
- large group cross-sectional studies
- longitudinal studies
- Combined Data-Collection Procedures
what are the benefits to diary studies of typical speech sound acquisition?
- provided normative info to help compare children
- helped SLP identify an impairment
- provided systematic observation
What are large group cross-sectional studies of typical speech sound acquisition?
What is a famous study?
What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Describes typical behavior by establishing norms through observation of large numbers of children. Famous study: Templin (1957) created age of acquisition info. Advantages: provide normative info for comparing children, studies can be replicated, systematic observation of behavior is used. Disadvantages: typically single word samples, imitated productions (not spontaneous), data collected in specific geographic areas that may have dialectical variants, experience & reliability of researchers not always reported.
what is longitudinal studies of typical speech sound acquisition?
What are their advantages and disadvantages?
study of groups of children at repeated intervals.
- usually for specific purposes
- allows researchers to capture individual variations
- allow reporting of developmental trends
- disadvantages: small number of children, scheduled intervals, prepared stimulus
What is combined Data-Collection Procedures?
combination of data-collection and methodologies. Lets researchers manipulate the pros and cons of each method.
What are 4 factors that influence typical acquisition of speech?
- gender
- socioeconomic status
- language development
- individual variability
What is sequence of speech sound acquisition from birth? (Phase 1-4)
1) B-1yr: laying foundation for speech
2) 1-2yr: words—>speech
3) 2-5yr: increased inventory
4) 5+yr: mastery of speech and literacy
<p>Anatomical structures that support speech acquisition in Phase 1 (laying the foundation for speech B-1YR) include....(3)</p>
<p>vocal tract</p>
<p>diaphragm</p>
<p>neurological development</p>
<p>PG. 78</p>
What is approximately the size of a vocal tract of a child B-1 YR old?
3x smaller than an adult
What anatomical functions supporting speech acquisition
in Phase 1 (laying the foundation for speech B-1YR) are involved? (3)
- lip
- jaw
- tongue
What can an infant in phase 1 (B-1YR) perceive auditorally? (4)
- mother’s voice
- discriminate place and voicing features of consonants
- consonant features
- discriminate nonnative sounds.
What is an infant in phase 1 (B-1YR) able to visually perceive?
faces
During phase 1, what is the infants production like
babbling consisting of consonants and vowels
What is phase 2 in the sequence of speech acquisition?
transitioning from words to speech. 1yr-2yr
In phase 2 of sequence of speech acquisition, what consonants are in a child’s inventory? (6)
1) nasals
2) plosives
3) fricatives
4) approximates
5) labial
6) lingual phonemes
In phase 2 of sequence of speech acquisition, what is the relationship between phonological knowledge and vocabulary
What are the three types of constraints?
it is close. Children tend to use sound familiar to them. They present inventory constraints, positional constraints, sequence constraints
what is inventory constraints?
inventory of sounds that are produced by the child
what is positional constraints?
sounds that are produced in different syllable positions
what is sequence constraints?
restrictions on the co-occurrence of sounds.
During what phase does the child typically develop the first 50 words?
phase 2
What is the 3rd phase in the sequence of speech acquisition?
growth of inventory (2-5YR)
What does Age of Acquisition of Speech Sounds mean?
age at which a certain percentage of children have acquired a speech sound
At what age do most children effectively produce consonants in speech?
3-4 YR old, except liquids
At what age do children typically acquire consonant clusters?
2Yr—->mastery at age 9
What type of vowels do a 1 yr old produce?
low, non-rounded
By what age do typically developing children have vowels acquired?
3YR
what is percentage sounds correct/percentage sounds in error mean?
taking the number of consonants produced correctly and dividing them by total number of consonants produced.
What is the % of correct consonant sounds a 2 year old should be making?
70%
What is the % of correct consonant sounds a 3 year old should be making?
86.2%
What is the % of correct consonants a 5-6 year old should be making?
95.9
What are common phonological patterns/processes seen in children 2-5 YOA?
- assimilation
- substitution (fronting, gliding, stopping, depalatization, deaffrication)
- syllable structure (final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, weak syllable deletion)
What 2 sounds are common mismatches for children 2-5YR?
/s/ & /r/
What age is speech perception mastered?
not until adulthood.
children 6-12 show increasing mastery with place, manner and voicing
What describes the suprasegmental aspects of speech production, including stress, intonation, and rhythm?
Prosody
At what age are children using intonation and stress when commanding or requesting?
1-2YOA
At what age do children use intonation, rhythm, pausing in their speech?
6 mths
What is phase 4 of sequence of speech?
mastery of speech and literacy
5+YOA
what is essential for the development of reading and spelling?
phonological awareness
What is rhyme knowledge? What age does it typically occur?
understanding the constituents of a syllable.
4-5 yrs
What are the names of 3 rhyme knowledge tasks
- judgment (fan-van: fan-fin)
- detection (fan-van-pin)
- production (words that rhyme with “fan”)
what is blending?
breaking down of a word and asking the child to repeat and then put it together. (com-pu-ter—->computer or f-i-sh -> fish)
What is segmenting?
What age does it typically occur?
breaking down a word into syllables or phonemes. Usually acquired by 6-7 YOA (phoneme)
what is manipulation?
requires the child to manipulate syllables, clusters and phonemes. (“say clap, now say it without the /l/ = cap)
What are the Early 8?
p / b
d
m / n
h
j / w
What are the Middle 8?
t
k / g
ŋ
f / v
ʧ / ʤ
What are the Late 8?
θ / ð
s / z
ʃ / ʒ
l / r
