Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ECU ARTIC/PHON exam 1 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a traditional model of speech acquisition?

A

Behaviorist Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define the Behaviorist model.

A

stimulus-response paradigm. At one time it was believed that behaviorism was the basis for sound acquisition. Not any longer. As SLPs behaviorism is still in use. We give positive reinforcement for correct productions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 models within the Linguistic Models of Speech Acquisition?

A
  1. Generative Phonology
  2. Natural Phonology
  3. Nonlinear Phonology
  4. Optimality Theory
  5. Sonority Hypothesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe Generative Phonology.

A

Developed by Chomsky; not typical seen in broad application to SLP

  1. phonological rules map underlying representations onto surface pronunciations
  2. phonological descriptions depend on info from other linguistic levels (semantic and syntax)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Natural Phonology.

A

Describes Phonological Processes. Greatest impact on SLP field; still in use. Provides insight of typical speech acquisition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe Nonlinear Phonology.

A

Attempts to account for the idea that speech production is more than just phonemes.
2 tiers: prosodic and segmental
Discusses how syllabes are broken down (onset, coda, rime)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe Optimality Theory.

A

Relationship between limitations on speech productions (markedness constraints) and preserved features (faithfulness constraints). Still in use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Sonority Hypothesis.

A

Sonority is the loudness of a sound relative to other sounds in the same pitch, stress and length. Hypothesis says that children reduce initial consonant clusters to produce maximal sonority. They also, present a fall in sonority with final consonant clusters. Still in use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Psycholinguistic Model?

A

provides potential explanation of children’s phonology. describes underlying representations in children’s speech and their production. Somewhere in between is the child’s stored lexicon or mental dictionary. Still in use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is Speech Acquisition Data Obtained?

A
  1. Diary studies
  2. large group cross-sectional studies
  3. longitudinal studies
  4. Combined Data-Collection Procedures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the benefits to diary studies of typical speech sound acquisition?

A
  1. provided normative info to help compare children
  2. helped SLP identify an impairment
  3. provided systematic observation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are large group cross-sectional studies of typical speech sound acquisition?

What is a famous study?

What are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Describes typical behavior by establishing norms through observation of large numbers of children. Famous study: Templin (1957) created age of acquisition info. Advantages: provide normative info for comparing children, studies can be replicated, systematic observation of behavior is used. Disadvantages: typically single word samples, imitated productions (not spontaneous), data collected in specific geographic areas that may have dialectical variants, experience & reliability of researchers not always reported.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is longitudinal studies of typical speech sound acquisition?

What are their advantages and disadvantages?

A

study of groups of children at repeated intervals.

  1. usually for specific purposes
  2. allows researchers to capture individual variations
  3. allow reporting of developmental trends
  4. disadvantages: small number of children, scheduled intervals, prepared stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is combined Data-Collection Procedures?

A

combination of data-collection and methodologies. Lets researchers manipulate the pros and cons of each method.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 4 factors that influence typical acquisition of speech?

A
  1. gender
  2. socioeconomic status
  3. language development
  4. individual variability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is sequence of speech sound acquisition from birth? (Phase 1-4)

A

1) B-1yr: laying foundation for speech
2) 1-2yr: words—>speech
3) 2-5yr: increased inventory
4) 5+yr: mastery of speech and literacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

<p>Anatomical structures that support speech acquisition in Phase 1 (laying the foundation for speech B-1YR) include....(3)</p>

A

<p>vocal tract</p>

<p>diaphragm</p>

<p>neurological development</p>

<p>PG. 78</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is approximately the size of a vocal tract of a child B-1 YR old?

A

3x smaller than an adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What anatomical functions supporting speech acquisition

in Phase 1 (laying the foundation for speech B-1YR) are involved? (3)

A
  1. lip
  2. jaw
  3. tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can an infant in phase 1 (B-1YR) perceive auditorally? (4)

A
  1. mother’s voice
  2. discriminate place and voicing features of consonants
  3. consonant features
  4. discriminate nonnative sounds.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an infant in phase 1 (B-1YR) able to visually perceive?

A

faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During phase 1, what is the infants production like

A

babbling consisting of consonants and vowels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is phase 2 in the sequence of speech acquisition?

A

transitioning from words to speech. 1yr-2yr

24
Q

In phase 2 of sequence of speech acquisition, what consonants are in a child’s inventory? (6)

A

1) nasals
2) plosives
3) fricatives
4) approximates
5) labial
6) lingual phonemes

25
Q

In phase 2 of sequence of speech acquisition, what is the relationship between phonological knowledge and vocabulary

What are the three types of constraints?

A

it is close. Children tend to use sound familiar to them. They present inventory constraints, positional constraints, sequence constraints

26
Q

what is inventory constraints?

A

inventory of sounds that are produced by the child

27
Q

what is positional constraints?

A

sounds that are produced in different syllable positions

28
Q

what is sequence constraints?

A

restrictions on the co-occurrence of sounds.

29
Q

During what phase does the child typically develop the first 50 words?

A

phase 2

30
Q

What is the 3rd phase in the sequence of speech acquisition?

A

growth of inventory (2-5YR)

31
Q

What does Age of Acquisition of Speech Sounds mean?

A

age at which a certain percentage of children have acquired a speech sound

32
Q

At what age do most children effectively produce consonants in speech?

A

3-4 YR old, except liquids

33
Q

At what age do children typically acquire consonant clusters?

A

2Yr—->mastery at age 9

34
Q

What type of vowels do a 1 yr old produce?

A

low, non-rounded

35
Q

By what age do typically developing children have vowels acquired?

A

3YR

36
Q

what is percentage sounds correct/percentage sounds in error mean?

A

taking the number of consonants produced correctly and dividing them by total number of consonants produced.

37
Q

What is the % of correct consonant sounds a 2 year old should be making?

A

70%

38
Q

What is the % of correct consonant sounds a 3 year old should be making?

A

86.2%

39
Q

What is the % of correct consonants a 5-6 year old should be making?

A

95.9

40
Q

What are common phonological patterns/processes seen in children 2-5 YOA?

A
  1. assimilation
  2. substitution (fronting, gliding, stopping, depalatization, deaffrication)
  3. syllable structure (final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, weak syllable deletion)
41
Q

What 2 sounds are common mismatches for children 2-5YR?

A

/s/ & /r/

42
Q

What age is speech perception mastered?

A

not until adulthood.

children 6-12 show increasing mastery with place, manner and voicing

43
Q

What describes the suprasegmental aspects of speech production, including stress, intonation, and rhythm?

A

Prosody

44
Q

At what age are children using intonation and stress when commanding or requesting?

A

1-2YOA

45
Q

At what age do children use intonation, rhythm, pausing in their speech?

A

6 mths

46
Q

What is phase 4 of sequence of speech?

A

mastery of speech and literacy

5+YOA

47
Q

what is essential for the development of reading and spelling?

A

phonological awareness

48
Q

What is rhyme knowledge? What age does it typically occur?

A

understanding the constituents of a syllable.

4-5 yrs

49
Q

What are the names of 3 rhyme knowledge tasks

A
  1. judgment (fan-van: fan-fin)
  2. detection (fan-van-pin)
  3. production (words that rhyme with “fan”)
50
Q

what is blending?

A

breaking down of a word and asking the child to repeat and then put it together. (com-pu-ter—->computer or f-i-sh -> fish)

51
Q

What is segmenting?

What age does it typically occur?

A

breaking down a word into syllables or phonemes. Usually acquired by 6-7 YOA (phoneme)

52
Q

what is manipulation?

A

requires the child to manipulate syllables, clusters and phonemes. (“say clap, now say it without the /l/ = cap)

53
Q

What are the Early 8?

A

p / b

d

m / n

h

j / w

54
Q

What are the Middle 8?

A

t

k / g

ŋ

f / v

ʧ / ʤ

55
Q

What are the Late 8?

A

θ / ð

s / z

ʃ / ʒ

l / r

ECU ARTIC/PHON exam 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions