Exam Review Flashcards
What are all they types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous & Synovial.
What are all the types of Fibrous Joints?
Sutures, Syndesmoses & Interosseous membranes.
What are all the types of Synovial Joints?
Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle & Ball and socket.
What are all the types of Cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses, Symphyses, Synchondrosis.
What are all the functional classification of joints?
Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis.
What are the components of the synovial joints of the body?
Articular capsule, Synovial Fluid, Discs/Meniscus, Accessory ligaments, labrum, Bursae, Tendon sheaths, Movements at the joints.
What are the pathologies to know for the Exam?
Bursitis, Rotator Cuff injury, Dislocated Shoulder, Seperated shoulder, Torn Glenoid labrum, Tennis elbow, Golfers elbow, RA, OA, Gout, Lyme Disease, Sprain/Strain, Tenosynovitis, DDD, TMJD.
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of the Bursae from overuse of structures surrounding the Bursae.
What is a Rotator Cuff injury / Frozen shoulder?
Commonly characterized as stiffness, pain and decreased ROM.
Adhesions form on the inferior aspect of the joint capsule.
Women are affected more than men.
What is a Dislocation?
A dislocation is a complete dislocation of the Articular surface of the joint.
What is Tennis Elbow?
This is Lateral Epicondylitis.
What is Golfers Elbow?
This is Medial Epicondylitis.
What is RA?
An inflammatory destructive condition autoimmun disease that affects multiple joints and connective tissue throughout the body.
What is OA?
Chronic Degenerative Joint disease.
What is Gout?
…
What is Sprain / Strain?
A strain is an “Overstretched Musculotendinous unit”.
A Sprain is an “Overstretched injury to a Ligament”.
What is Tenosynavitis?
…
What is DDD?
…
What are the other types of bursal injuries?
Bakers Cyst & Bunion.
Bakers Cyst: A Synovial cyst that appears on the lateral aspect of the popliteal space. An enlargement of the extra-capsular space.
Bunion: Occurs at the first metatarsophalangeal joint capsule. Formed by excessive bone growth.
What are things that can cause Bursitis?
The causes can include:
Overuse of structures surrounding the bursae.
Muscle imbalance, poor biomechanics and postural dysfunction.
Sometimes acute trauma, infection & pathologies such as (OA) (RA) Gout.
What are CI’s for a client with Bursitis?
This can include:
No compression / Tissue dragging
No heat distally and on site
No pressure on and past site
Do not increase circulation past or on site
If the client has a infective bursitis Refer them out of the clinic
What does treatment for a client with Acute Bursitis consist of?
Gentle GSM proximal to the affected site.
MM squeezing distaly.
Painfree AF/AA/AF proximally (midrange)
Manuel Lymph Drainage.
What does treatment for a client with Chronic bursitis consist of?
Deep moist heat. Techniques that work towards the bursae after working proximally. Fascial. Comp structures. Frictions as Inflammation decreases.
What are the causes for Frozen shoulder?
It is Idiopathic but may be caused by: an increase in stress levels Trauma, ether sudden or repetitive Pathologies like (DDD, RA...) Altered biomechanics
What would treatment include for Freezing stage / Acute stage of frozen shoulder?
Maintain joint mobility through low grade joint mobs
Treat rotator cuff, T spine & C spine
Hydro therapy depending on the Symptoms
How would you treat the frozen stage / Sub acute stage of frozen shoulder?
Early: Cold hydro, Vibrations, Shaving, Gentle PR mid range pain free ROM & treat compensating structures.
Late: DMH, low grade joint play, Frictions, TP’s, Gentle stretching, Gentle fascial, Deep GSM.
How would you treat the chronic stage of Frozen shoulder?
DMH, High grade joint play, stretching, strengthening, frictions on the inferior portion of the joint capsule, Treat TP’s, Deep GSM, Facial release.
What are symptoms in the early stage of RA?
Weakness, weight loss, flare up and remission, low grade fever with flare up, may affect many joints, pain and inflammation, stiffness lasting longer than 30 mins, Hypertensive muscles around affected area.
What are symptoms of the Late stage of RA?
Decreased joint mobility, Capsular patterns, muscle contracture, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Inflammation in tendon synoviom, Muscle spasms, Joint instability, Ligamentous laxity.
What Joints are the most affected by RA?
Knees, Small joints in the hands and feet, PIP’s, DIP’s, MCP’s.
What are things you can observe of a client with RA?
Antalgic gait and posture, client may need help getting up or down, Ulnar drift, Hyperkyphosis of T spine, Flatness of chest, Bamboo spine, Decreased Lumbar curve.
What type of things cam you palpate on a client with RA?
Hypertensive muscles surrounding the affected joints, Bony spurs, Inflammation, heat & swelling during attack.
What are CI’s for a client with RA?
No PF ROM
No frictions
Shorter treatments
No direct work on inflamed joints
What are aims for treatment of a client with a Flare up of RA?
Decrease pain and Hypertensive muscles and increase circulation.
Gentle massage to affected muscles.
cool hydro on inflamed joints.
decrease joint stiffness.
What type of things can you give a client for Home care if they have RA?
Hydro, rest from aggravating factors, Educate the client, pain free stretching and strengthening, AF ROM, low impact exorcise, ADL modifications.
What would treatment of a client between flair ups of RA include?
Decrease joint stiffness, Grade 1-2 joint mobs, conservative stretching, Maintain and increase strength, resistance exercise, Gentle frictions of affected ligaments but dont compromise joint strength.
What is an Example of a Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense connective tissue? out of the options: Syndesmoses Gomphosis Suture Saddle
Suture
What is a structure used to reduce friction in a joint?
Bursae
What is the type of movement that reduces the angle between structures?
Flexion
Which bone cannot be elevated or depressed? Hyoid Clavicle Ribs Maxilla
Maxilla
What are the movements that pivot joints allow for?
They only provide Rotational movements
What is the Action of a bone moving away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
What is the ligament that prevents posterior sliding of the Tibia?
The PCL
What is a Symphysis Joint?
This is a Cartilaginous Joint formed by the complete fusion of 2 bones.
It is Amphiarthrosis / Slightly moveable.
Where does the Coracoarcromial ligament attach?
It attaches from the “Coracoid process” to the “Acromion process”.
What are Intracapsular ligaments?
These are ligaments that Within the Joint capsule.
For Ex:
any of the Cruciate ligaments of the knee.
What does (OA) affect the most in the body?
…
What is (OA) described as in the early stages between flare up?
It is described as “Dull achy pain worse in the morning relieved by activity”.
What does the test “Drop Arm Test” look for in the client?
Rotator cuff tendonitis.
What is a test that looks for thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) in a client?
Adson’s Manoeuvre.
What is a Sprain an injury of?
It is an injury of the ligaments.
What is the most common type of ankle sprain caused by?
It is caused by Inversion.
What does “Mills special test” test for?
It test for Lateral Epicondylitis.
What is disc herniation mostly caused by?
It is mostly caused by…
What is the movement of the thumb across the hand called?
Opposition.
What is the functional class of joints called that are freely moveable?
They are called “Synarthrosis”.
What are some Pathologies that can give rise to Dislocations?
This can include:
(RA) & Stroke.
What are the causes for Dislocations?
This can include: Trauma and some contributing factors are... Pathologies like RA and stroke Congenital ligamentous laxity Previous dislocations
What are Menisci?
These are crescent shaped cartilage disc found in the…
Knee, wrist, AC, SC & TMJ.
What are Symptoms in an Acute Meniscal Injury
Pain Swelling Muscle Guarding Brusing Redness Feeling a Sensation of Tearing May feel like it is locking or giving way Knee may be held in flexion
What are symptoms in a Chronic Meniscal Injury?
Clicking in the joint
Locking may occur
Atrophy of the Quads
Flare ups with activities
What are CI’s related to Meniscal Injuries?
Local massage if it is in the Acute stage
If knee is locked NO forced Flexion or extension
What is involved for treatment with an Acute Meniscal Injury?
Affected Area: Conferrable position rest ice elevate Shavings, viberations Cool hydro
Comp Structures:
Reduce Hypertonicity
Reduce Trigger points
What are special test you can use on a client with a Meniscal injury?
Mcmurrays
Bradgards Sign
Apleys Compression
Helfets test Recovery
What is involved when treating Sub-acute Meniscal injuries?
Light to moderate GSM Contrast Hydro TP's in glutes, Quads and Hamstrings Muscle setting Pain free PR Mid range ROM
What is involved when treating a client with Chronic stage Meniscal Injuries?
DMH Fascial GSM Joint mobilization PR ROM hip, knee, Patella Strengthening of muscle crossing the knee joint Frictions of area of scar tissue
What are some things to give to a client for home care with a Meniscal Injury?
Acute/Sub-acute:
Muscle Setting to leg muscles
Chronic:
Isotonic Strengthening
What are the symptoms of Early stage (OA)?
There is pain for extensive joint use and relived by rest. The pain is local to the affected joint.
It is achy and hard to pinpoint at first.
Stiffness may occur in the morning and can be relived by activity.
What is massage of a client in the early stage of (OA)?
Pain free rhythmic, rocking, shacking may be used to begin the treatment.
Comp structures are treated to reduce hypertonicity anf trigger points that cross over the affected joints.
What is massage in the Late stage of (OA)?
When muscle spasm is present, joint play is used to reduce spasms. caution is used when osteophyte formation is present.
Cold hydro is used with Acute inflammation.
Lymph drainage is used proximally is used for chronic and Acute (OA).
What are things you can give a client for self care that has (OA)?
Rest from activities. Appropriate hydro. Gentle pain free stretching and pain free ROM. Make ADL less painful. Dietary supplements.
What are the symptoms of Late stage (OA)?
Pain follows moderate joint use.
Pain may occur at night.
The joint is locally tender.
Reduced ROM.
What is Grade 1 of a Sprain?
A minor stretch and tear to the ligament.
There is no instability on passive relaxed testing.
The client can continue light activity with small amounts of discomfort.
What is Grade 2 of a Sprain?
Tearing of the ligament fibres occurs and can vary on amount of tearing.
there is no snapping sound.
The joint is hypermobile but stable on passive relaxed testing.
What is a Grade 3 Sprain?
There is ether a complete rupture of the ligament or a fracture of the bone.
The ligament may detach and remain intact.
What is a Grade 3 Sprain?
There is ether a complete rupture of the ligament or a fracture of the bone.
The ligament may detach and remain intact.
There is a snapping sound pressent.
