exam review 3 Flashcards
chapter 8, 9, 10
what is the endoderm?
innermost primary germ layers it conducts the digestive and respiratory tubes
what are the three primary germ layers?
- Endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
what are some examples of endoderm? 6
- nasal cavity
- facial bones
- lens and cornea of the eye
- tooth enamel
- pituitary gland
- brain and spinal cord
what is the mesoderm?
middle primary germ layer
examples of mesoderm: 5
- circulatory system
- kidneys
- muscle
- many glands
- bones
what is the ectoderm?
outermost primary germ layer
what are some examples of ectoderm? 4
- tonsils
- thymus gland
- thyroid gland
- lining of lungs
what’s the process of fingernail growth?
- cells divide in the matrix
- cells are pushed forward by constant reproduction
- cells undergo hardening where keratin is added
- nail pushes forward
which tissue has goblet cells?
goblet cells are commonly found in the epithelial tissue of the respiratory and digestive systems
which tissue has cilia for movement, microvilli for increased surface area and goblet cells for mucus secretion?
epithelial tissue
what tissue have specific modifications like osteocytes on bones and lack of nucleus in RBCs?
connective tissue
which tissue have dendritic spines for increased synaptic connections?
nervous tissue
what are the types of skin glands?
sebaceous glands, eccrine glands, and apocrine glands
what do sebaceous glands do?
they secrete oil to lubricate the skin and hair
what do eccrine glands do?
produce sweat for temperature regulation
what do apocrine glands do?
produce sweat that are found in areas like the armpits and groin
what are the two most important cells in the integumentary system?
melanocytes and keratinocytes
what are melanocytes responsible for>
they produce melanin which is the pigment that give our skin its color and helps protect it from UV rays
what are keratinocytes responsible for?
they produce the protein keratin which provides strength and waterproofing to the skin
what is a first degree burn?
they only affect the outer layer of the skin
what’s a second degree burn?
they affect both the outer layer of skin and the layer underneath which can result in blistering, swelling, and pain
what’s a third degree burn?
they damage all the layers of skin and can affect deeper tissues which can lead to numbness and life threatening conditions
wheres the body’s temperature control center?
hypothalumus
which sweat gland is the most important?
the eccrine because it plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature through sweat
which sweat gland is the most widespread?
the eccrine
which sweat gland is the most numerous?
the eccrine
what are some characteristics of the papillary layer in the dermis?
it has dermal papillae that help bind skin layers together and provide support, it also has sensory receptors that contribute to sense of touch
how does a heat stroke differ from heat exhaustion?
a heat stroke is when the body’s temperature regulation fails while heat exhaustion occurs after high temperatures and inadequate intake of fluid
what are the formed elements of blood?
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
what are the unformed elements of blood?
plasma
where can serous membranes be found? 3
- pleura (lining of lungs)
- pericardium (covering of heart)
- peritoneum (lining of abdominal cavities)
what is inflammation of the pleura?
it is called pleurisy and it can cause chest pain when breathing or coughing
what is inflammation of the pericardium?
pericarditis and it can cause chest pain that worsens when lying down or taking deep breaths
what is inflammation of the peritoneum?
peritonitis and it can cause bloating, fever, and nausea
whats the importance of dendritic cells?
they capture invaders like bacteria or viruses and present them to other immune cells which triggers a response to fight off the intruders
what are all of the epithelial tissues? 8
- simple squamous
- stratified squamous
- transitional
- simple columnar
- psuedostratified columnar
- simple cuboidal
- stratified cuboidal
- glands
what are some general location of simple squamous tissues? 2
- endothelium
- alveoli
what are the general locations of stratified squamous tissues? 2
- surface of mucous membrane lining the mouth and vagina
- surface of the skin
what are the general locations of transitional tissues?
surface of the mucous membrane lining the urinary bladder and ureters
what are the general locations of simple columnar tissues?
surface of the mucous lining of the stomach, intestines, and part of the respiratory tract
what’s the general locations of psuedostratified columnar tissue?
surface of mucous membrane lining the bronchi, trachea, and ducts of some glands
what’s the general locations of simple cuboidal tissues?
ducts of many organs including the exocrine glands and kidneys
what’s the general locations of the stratified cuboidal tissue?
ducts of the sweat and mammary glands
what’s the general locations of glandular tissues?
glands
