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Human Anatomy and Physiology > exam 8 > Flashcards

exam 8 Flashcards

ch: 18-19

1
Q

ultimately what does the nervous and endocrine system together do?

A

allows body functions to unify which allowed homeostasis to be maintained

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2
Q

what’s the nervous system?

A

made up of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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3
Q

what’s the central nervous system?

A

structural and functional center of the entire nervous system and it consists of the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

what does the central nervous system do?

A

combines pieces of info, evaluates it, and then initiates a response

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5
Q

what’s the peripheral nervous system?

A

consisted of nerve tissues in the outer regions of the nervous system

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6
Q

what are the two nerve pathways categorized by their direction

A

afferent and efferent

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7
Q

what’s an afferent division?

A

incoming sensory info

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8
Q

what’s an efferent divion?

A

outgoing sensory info

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9
Q

what’s the somatic nervous system?

A

regulates the skeletal muscles

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10
Q

what’s the autonomic nervous system?

A

carries info to mainly smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

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11
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divions

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12
Q

what’s the sympathetic division?

A

involved in preparing body to deal with immediate threats to internal environment
(fight or flight)

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13
Q

parasympathetic divions?

A

coordinates body’s typical resting activities
(rest and repair)

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14
Q

what are neurons? function

A

they conduct impulses that make all nervous system functions possible

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15
Q

what is the glia? function

A

support functions of neurons

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16
Q

what are the main types of glia?

A
  • astrocytes
    -microglia
  • epymendal cells
  • oligodendrocytes
  • schwaan cells
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17
Q

what are the types of nervous system cells?

A

neurons and glia

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18
Q

where are neurons found?

A

brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

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19
Q

where are glial cells found?

A

throughout nervous system supporting neurons

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20
Q

which is most abundant neurons or the glia?

A

glial cells

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21
Q

what is an astrocyte?

A

star shaped and provide nutrients to neurons, regulate chem environment, and support BBB

22
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

they insulate axons in the CNS

23
Q

what are microglia?

A

immune cells; defend against pathogens and remove debris

24
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

line ventricles of brain

25
Q

where is the synaptic knob located?

A

at the end of an axon

26
Q

how to describe a multipolar neuron?

A

single axon with multiple dendrites

27
Q

how to describe a bipolar neuron?

A

single axon with a single higher branched dendrite

28
Q

how to describe a unipolar neurons?

A

single process branches to form a central and peripheral process

29
Q

what’s the function of multipolar neuron?

A

to process info and conduct impulses along motor pathways

30
Q

what’s the function of a bipolar neuron?

A

conduct info along sensory pathways

31
Q

what’s the function of a unipolar neurons?

A

conduct info along sensory pathways

32
Q

example of multipolar neuron?

A
  • motor neurons
  • interneurons
33
Q

example of bipolar neurons?

A
  • olfactory system
  • retina
34
Q

examples of unipolar neurons?

A
  • dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
35
Q

what are the fastest nerve fibers in the body?

A

A-alpha fibers

36
Q

how fast can A-alpha fibers conduct impulses?

A

120 m/s

37
Q

what’s the reflex arc?

A

signal conduction route to and from the CNS that consisted of afferent and efferent neurons

38
Q

what are the steps of the reflex arc? 5

A
  • activation of sensory receptors
  • transmission of sensory input
  • integration of info in CNS
  • transmission of motor output along efferent neurons
  • response by effector organ
39
Q

what’s the relationship between afferent and efferent?

A

it’s crucial to the reflex arc process.
afferent carries sensory info towards the CNS, while efferent transmit motor commands away from CNS

40
Q

what is action potential?

A

membrane potential of an active neuron that’s conducting an impulse

41
Q

what are the steps of action potential? 6

A
  1. stimulus triggers sodium channels and membrane depolarizes
  2. as threshhold potential releases sodium channels open
  3. as more sodium, enters the cell through sodium channels, the membrane continues to depolarize
  4. magnitude of action potential peaks at 30mV when sodium channels close
  5. repolarization begins when potassium channels open allowing outward diffusion of potassium
  6. RMP is restored by sodium potassium pump
42
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

means by which neurons talk to one another

43
Q

what is serotonin?

A

a neurotransmitter that helps memories remain long and in the brain

44
Q

which neurotransmitters are fully excitatory?

A

glutamate

45
Q

which neurotransmitters are fully inhibitory? 2

A

GABA
glycine

46
Q

which neurotransmitters can be either? 3

A
  • acetycholine
  • epineephrine
  • norpineephrine
47
Q

which neurotransmitters are mostly excitatory? 2

A
  • histamine
  • substance P
48
Q

which neurotransmitters are mostly inhibitory? 3

A
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
  • endorphins
49
Q

which antidepressant blocks MAOs?

A

phenelzine (nardil)

50
Q

why do nervous system cells have trouble with regenerating?

A
  • they don’t divide like other cells
  • they also cant repair themselves effectively once damaged
  • their environment doesn’t conduct regeneration
51
Q

what’s the difference in sodium and potassium regarding action potential?

A

sodium involves depolarization while potassium involves hyperpolarization and repolarization

52
Q

which membrane receptor changes with charge?

A

voltage-gated ion channels

Human Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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