exam 8

Question 1

ultimately what does the nervous and endocrine system together do?

Answer 1

allows body functions to unify which allowed homeostasis to be maintained

Question 2

what’s the nervous system?

Answer 2

made up of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Question 3

what’s the central nervous system?

Answer 3

structural and functional center of the entire nervous system and it consists of the brain and spinal cord

Question 4

what does the central nervous system do?

Answer 4

combines pieces of info, evaluates it, and then initiates a response

Question 5

what’s the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 5

consisted of nerve tissues in the outer regions of the nervous system

Question 6

what are the two nerve pathways categorized by their direction

Answer 6

afferent and efferent

Question 7

what’s an afferent division?

Answer 7

incoming sensory info

Question 8

what’s an efferent divion?

Answer 8

outgoing sensory info

Question 9

what’s the somatic nervous system?

Answer 9

regulates the skeletal muscles

Question 10

what’s the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 10

carries info to mainly smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

Question 11

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

Answer 11

sympathetic and parasympathetic divions

Question 12

what’s the sympathetic division?

Answer 12

involved in preparing body to deal with immediate threats to internal environment
(fight or flight)

Question 13

parasympathetic divions?

Answer 13

coordinates body’s typical resting activities
(rest and repair)

Question 14

what are neurons? function

Answer 14

they conduct impulses that make all nervous system functions possible

Question 15

what is the glia? function

Answer 15

support functions of neurons

Question 16

what are the main types of glia?

Answer 16

• astrocytes
  -microglia
• epymendal cells
• oligodendrocytes
• schwaan cells

Question 17

what are the types of nervous system cells?

Answer 17

neurons and glia

Question 18

where are neurons found?

Answer 18

brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Question 19

where are glial cells found?

Answer 19

throughout nervous system supporting neurons

Question 20

which is most abundant neurons or the glia?

Answer 20

glial cells

Question 21

what is an astrocyte?

Answer 21

star shaped and provide nutrients to neurons, regulate chem environment, and support BBB

Question 22

what are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 22

they insulate axons in the CNS

Question 23

what are microglia?

Answer 23

immune cells; defend against pathogens and remove debris

Question 24

what are ependymal cells?

Answer 24

line ventricles of brain

Question 25

where is the synaptic knob located?

Answer 25

at the end of an axon

Question 26

how to describe a multipolar neuron?

Answer 26

single axon with multiple dendrites

Question 27

how to describe a bipolar neuron?

Answer 27

single axon with a single higher branched dendrite

Question 28

how to describe a unipolar neurons?

Answer 28

single process branches to form a central and peripheral process

Question 29

what's the function of multipolar neuron?

Answer 29

to process info and conduct impulses along motor pathways

Question 30

what's the function of a bipolar neuron?

Answer 30

conduct info along sensory pathways

Question 31

what's the function of a unipolar neurons?

Answer 31

conduct info along sensory pathways

Question 32

example of multipolar neuron?

Answer 32

- motor neurons - interneurons

Question 33

example of bipolar neurons?

Answer 33

- olfactory system - retina

Question 34

examples of unipolar neurons?

Answer 34

- dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

Question 35

what are the fastest nerve fibers in the body?

Answer 35

A-alpha fibers

Question 36

how fast can A-alpha fibers conduct impulses?

Answer 36

120 m/s

Question 37

what's the reflex arc?

Answer 37

signal conduction route to and from the CNS that consisted of afferent and efferent neurons

Question 38

what are the steps of the reflex arc? 5

Answer 38

- activation of sensory receptors - transmission of sensory input - integration of info in CNS - transmission of motor output along efferent neurons - response by effector organ

Question 39

what's the relationship between afferent and efferent?

Answer 39

it's crucial to the reflex arc process. afferent carries sensory info towards the CNS, while efferent transmit motor commands away from CNS

Question 40

what is action potential?

Answer 40

membrane potential of an active neuron that's conducting an impulse

Question 41

what are the steps of action potential? 6

Answer 41

1. stimulus triggers sodium channels and membrane depolarizes 2. as threshhold potential releases sodium channels open 3. as more sodium, enters the cell through sodium channels, the membrane continues to depolarize 4. magnitude of action potential peaks at 30mV when sodium channels close 5. repolarization begins when potassium channels open allowing outward diffusion of potassium 6. RMP is restored by sodium potassium pump

Question 42

what are neurotransmitters?

Answer 42

means by which neurons talk to one another

Question 43

what is serotonin?

Answer 43

a neurotransmitter that helps memories remain long and in the brain

Question 44

which neurotransmitters are fully excitatory?

Answer 44

glutamate

Question 45

which neurotransmitters are fully inhibitory? 2

Answer 45

GABA glycine

Question 46

which neurotransmitters can be either? 3

Answer 46

- acetycholine - epineephrine - norpineephrine

Question 47

which neurotransmitters are mostly excitatory? 2

Answer 47

- histamine - substance P

Question 48

which neurotransmitters are mostly inhibitory? 3

Answer 48

- serotonin - dopamine - endorphins

Question 49

which antidepressant blocks MAOs?

Answer 49

phenelzine (nardil)

Question 50

why do nervous system cells have trouble with regenerating?

Answer 50

- they don't divide like other cells - they also cant repair themselves effectively once damaged - their environment doesn't conduct regeneration

Question 51

what's the difference in sodium and potassium regarding action potential?

Answer 51

sodium involves depolarization while potassium involves hyperpolarization and repolarization

Question 52

which membrane receptor changes with charge?

Answer 52

voltage-gated ion channels