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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

introduction to tissues

1
Q

what are all tissues surrounded by?

A

matrix

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2
Q

what is histology?

A

biology of tissues

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3
Q

what’s the function of epithelial tissues? (4)

A

-covers and protects body surfaces
- it lines body cavities
- it forms glands
- and transports substances

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4
Q

what are examples of epithelial tissues? (3)

A
  • outer layer of skin
  • glands of body
  • lining of respiratory, urinary, reproductive, digestive tracts
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5
Q

what are the functions of connective tissue? (3)

A
  • supports body structures
  • protects from foreign invaders
  • transports substances through the body
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6
Q

what are some examples of connective tissues? (6)

A
  • bones
  • fat
    -blood
  • joint cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
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7
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue? (3)

A
  • produces body movements
  • produces heat in the body
  • produces movement of organs like the heart and stomach
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8
Q

what are some examples of muscle tissue? (3)

A
  • heart muscle
  • muscles of head, neck, arms, legs
  • muscles in walls of hollow organs like stomach or intestines
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9
Q

What are the functions of nervous tissue? (2)

A
  • allows communication of the body parts
  • regulates the body functions
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10
Q

what are some examples of nervous tissue? (3)

A
  • tissue of brain and spinal cord
  • nerves
  • sensory organs
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11
Q

why is body composition assessed?

A

to identify percentages of fat and lean tissue

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12
Q

within 2 weeks after conception cells of offspring move and regroup into…

A

3 primary germ layers

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13
Q

what are the 3 primary germ layers?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

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14
Q

endoderm examples (6)

A
  • tooth enamel
  • nasal cavity
  • facial bones
  • pituitary gland
  • brain and spinal cord
  • lens and cornea of the eye
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15
Q

mesoderm examples (5)

A
  • many glands
  • circulatory system
  • bones except for facial
  • kidneys
  • muscle
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16
Q

ectoderm examples ( 4)

A
  • tonsils
  • thyroid gland
  • thymus gland
  • lining of lungs
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17
Q

what is histogenesis?

A

process where cells in each germ layer become more differentiated to form specific tissues

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18
Q

what are stem cells?

A

special kind of undifferentiated cell

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19
Q

what are embryonic stem cells?

A

cells that can reproduce many different kinds of offspring cells including stem cells
- which populates the body with different cells and tissues needed for body function

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20
Q

what are adult stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells found in a differentiated mature tissue

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21
Q

what can adult stem cells produce?

A

any specialized cell types in their particular tissue.

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22
Q

some adult stem cells can be coaxed into producing a variety of different cells. what’s an example of this?

A

blood-cell producing stem cells from bone marrow have been used to help repair damaged muscle tissue in animals

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23
Q

internal fluid environment of homeostasis fills spaces between…..

A

cells of the body

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24
Q

what is the extracellular matrix ECM?

A

fluid material between the cells

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25
Q

what’s the texture of the ECM?

A

not just water more like a gel/jelly
- different proteins and proteoglycans can give it many different consistencies

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26
Q

example of the range of consistencies:

A
  • bone and cartilage is a solid firm gel that contributes to strength
  • plasma is mostly water and flows easily but can form fibers under circumstances to form clots
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27
Q

what protein fibers are in the ECM?

A

collagen and elastin

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28
Q

structure of collagen:

A

occurs in twisted bundles that provide strength

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29
Q

what’s the most abundant protein compound?

A

collagen

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30
Q

what are reticular fibers?

A

they support small structures like blood capillaries

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31
Q

what’s the basement membrane?

A

thin connection between a sheet of epithelial cells and underlying fibrous connective tissue formation of connecting tissues

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32
Q

The basement membrane can serve as filters to…

A

regulate movement of particles by size
- ex: controls which particles can move across walls of blood capillaries

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33
Q

what’s elastin?

A

a protein which returns to its original length after being stretched.
- rubbery substance

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34
Q

example of elastin:

A

found in stretchy tissues like external ear cartilage

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35
Q

example of ECM that hold tissue in a single mass

A

skeletal muscle

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36
Q

example of ECM that doesn’t bind to tissue cells:

A

fluid of plasma, it doesn’t hold blood tissue in a solid mass at all

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37
Q

what does damaged tissue do?

A

regenerate and are replaced by scars

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38
Q

How do tissues repair themselves?

A

they allow phagocytic cells to remove dead or injured cells and filling gaps that are left

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39
Q

what is regeneration?

A

growth of new functional tissues

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40
Q

which of the 4 major tissues have the greatest capacity to regenerate?

A

epithelial and connective

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41
Q

what’s a scar?

A

dense fibrous mass and occurs when mass is large or deep

42
Q

what’s a keloid?

A

unusually thick scar that may develop in lower layer of skin

43
Q

which of the 4 major tissues has limited capacity when it comes to regeneration?

A

muscle and nervous

44
Q

what happens when damaged muscle is replaced by connective tissue?

A

organ involved loses some or all function

45
Q

do adult brain neurons grow back when injured?

A

almost never

46
Q

example of nerve tissue damage:

A

serious brain and spinal cord injuries result in at least some permanent damage

47
Q

what is inflammation?

A

natural process that reacts to injuries and promotes healing

48
Q

what is a membrane?

A

thin, sheetlike structure that has many important functions

49
Q

functions of a membrane(3)

A
  • cover and protects body surface
  • line body cavities
  • cover inner surface of hollow organs
50
Q

what does membrane lubrication do?

A

reduces friction during organ movements and between bones and joints

51
Q

what are the two major body membranes?

A

epithelial and connective

52
Q

what is the epithelial membrane?

A

its composed of epithelial tissues and glued by a basement membrane to a layer of supportive connective tissue

53
Q

what are the three types of epithelial membranes?

A

cutaneous, serious, mucous

54
Q

what’s the cutaneous membrane?

A

it covers body surfaces that are exposed to the external environment (skin)

55
Q

what’s the largest/visible and important organ?

A

skin

56
Q

what’s the serious membrane?

A

lines cavities that aren’t open to the external environment and covers many organs inside these cavities

57
Q

what two layers of tissue is the serious membrane composed of?

A

-epithelial sheet
- connective tissue layer that holds and supports epithelial cells

58
Q

example of serious membranes: (2)

A

pleura which surround a lung and lines the thoracic cavity
- peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity

59
Q

what’s the mucous membrane?

A

epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces opening directly to exterior

60
Q

example of mucous membrane: (1)

A

lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

61
Q

what do mucous membranes produce?

A

a film of mucus that coats and protects underlying cells

62
Q

example of mucus: (1)

A

lubricant for food as it moves along the digestive tract

63
Q

what is mucus?

A

watery secretion that contains a mixture of mucins

64
Q

what are mucins?

A

group of 2 dozen different proteoglycans

65
Q

how are connective tissues different from epithelial tissues?

A

they dont consist of epithelial components

66
Q

what is the synovial membrane?

A

lines space between bones and joints that move and are classified as connective tissue membranes

67
Q

what does the synovial membrane produce?

A

synovial fluid

68
Q

what is synovial fluid?

A

thick, colorless, lubricating fluid

69
Q

what are macrophages?

A

phagocytic immune cells

70
Q

what protects synovial joints from infection and inflammation of the arthritis?

A

specialized macrophages

71
Q

what does the cutaneous membrane(skin) produce fluid wise

A

sweat

72
Q

what’s the function of the skin?

A

protection

73
Q

what fluid does the serous membrane produce?

A

serous fluid

74
Q

what’s the serious membranes function?

A

lubrication

75
Q

what’s the function of the mucous membrane?

A

protection and lubrication

76
Q

what’s the function of the synovial membrane?

A

holds the joints together
- lubrication

77
Q

what’s the main goal for tissues and membranes?

A

maintaining homeostasis

78
Q

what do epithelial tissues do?

A

promote constancy of body’s internal environment

79
Q

what do connective tissues do?

A

hold organs and systems together to form a connected body

80
Q

what are the 4 main signs of inflammation?

A

-redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain

81
Q

what is a neoplasm(tumor)?

A

any unusual growth of cells

82
Q

what are benign tumors?

A

tumors that don’t spread to other tissues

83
Q

what are malignant tumors?

A

cancers that tend to spread to other regions of the body

84
Q

example of malignant tumors: (1)

A

breast cancer

85
Q

what is metastasis?

A

cell migration by lymphatic or blood vessels

86
Q

what are carcinomas?

A

malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissues

87
Q

example of carcinoma? (1)

A

melanoma; cancer of skin pigment cells

88
Q

what is a sarcoma?

A

malignant tumors that arise from connective tissuesex

89
Q

example of sarcoma: 1

A

osteosarcoma; bone cancer

90
Q

what does cancer involve?

A

uncontrolled cell divisionw

91
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

too many cells

92
Q

what is anaplasia?

A

abnormal cells

93
Q

what is a carcinogen?

A

agents that affect genetic activity and cause atypical cell reproduction and sometimes are mutagens

94
Q

what are mutagens?

A

cause changes/ mutations in cells DNA structure

95
Q

what’s an example of carcinogens? (1)

A

tobacco products

96
Q

why is early detection important?

A

its when the cancer is most treatable

97
Q

what are some ways to detect cancer? (3)

A
  • blood tests
  • self examination
  • medical imaging
98
Q

what is a biopsy?

A

removal and examinatio0n of living tissue

99
Q

what is staging cancer?

A

classifying tumors based on size and spread

100
Q

what is grading cancer?

A

probably outcome

101
Q

what does radiation, chemo, and laser therapy do?

A

gets rid of the rest of the cancer after removal

Human Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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