Chapter 8 Flashcards
introduction to tissues
what are all tissues surrounded by?
matrix
what is histology?
biology of tissues
what’s the function of epithelial tissues? (4)
-covers and protects body surfaces
- it lines body cavities
- it forms glands
- and transports substances
what are examples of epithelial tissues? (3)
- outer layer of skin
- glands of body
- lining of respiratory, urinary, reproductive, digestive tracts
what are the functions of connective tissue? (3)
- supports body structures
- protects from foreign invaders
- transports substances through the body
what are some examples of connective tissues? (6)
- bones
- fat
-blood - joint cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
What are the functions of muscle tissue? (3)
- produces body movements
- produces heat in the body
- produces movement of organs like the heart and stomach
what are some examples of muscle tissue? (3)
- heart muscle
- muscles of head, neck, arms, legs
- muscles in walls of hollow organs like stomach or intestines
What are the functions of nervous tissue? (2)
- allows communication of the body parts
- regulates the body functions
what are some examples of nervous tissue? (3)
- tissue of brain and spinal cord
- nerves
- sensory organs
why is body composition assessed?
to identify percentages of fat and lean tissue
within 2 weeks after conception cells of offspring move and regroup into…
3 primary germ layers
what are the 3 primary germ layers?
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
endoderm examples (6)
- tooth enamel
- nasal cavity
- facial bones
- pituitary gland
- brain and spinal cord
- lens and cornea of the eye
mesoderm examples (5)
- many glands
- circulatory system
- bones except for facial
- kidneys
- muscle
ectoderm examples ( 4)
- tonsils
- thyroid gland
- thymus gland
- lining of lungs
what is histogenesis?
process where cells in each germ layer become more differentiated to form specific tissues
what are stem cells?
special kind of undifferentiated cell
what are embryonic stem cells?
cells that can reproduce many different kinds of offspring cells including stem cells
- which populates the body with different cells and tissues needed for body function
what are adult stem cells?
undifferentiated cells found in a differentiated mature tissue
what can adult stem cells produce?
any specialized cell types in their particular tissue.
some adult stem cells can be coaxed into producing a variety of different cells. what’s an example of this?
blood-cell producing stem cells from bone marrow have been used to help repair damaged muscle tissue in animals
internal fluid environment of homeostasis fills spaces between…..
cells of the body
what is the extracellular matrix ECM?
fluid material between the cells
what’s the texture of the ECM?
not just water more like a gel/jelly
- different proteins and proteoglycans can give it many different consistencies
example of the range of consistencies:
- bone and cartilage is a solid firm gel that contributes to strength
- plasma is mostly water and flows easily but can form fibers under circumstances to form clots
what protein fibers are in the ECM?
collagen and elastin
structure of collagen:
occurs in twisted bundles that provide strength
what’s the most abundant protein compound?
collagen
what are reticular fibers?
they support small structures like blood capillaries
what’s the basement membrane?
thin connection between a sheet of epithelial cells and underlying fibrous connective tissue formation of connecting tissues
The basement membrane can serve as filters to…
regulate movement of particles by size
- ex: controls which particles can move across walls of blood capillaries
what’s elastin?
a protein which returns to its original length after being stretched.
- rubbery substance
example of elastin:
found in stretchy tissues like external ear cartilage
example of ECM that hold tissue in a single mass
skeletal muscle
example of ECM that doesn’t bind to tissue cells:
fluid of plasma, it doesn’t hold blood tissue in a solid mass at all
what does damaged tissue do?
regenerate and are replaced by scars
How do tissues repair themselves?
they allow phagocytic cells to remove dead or injured cells and filling gaps that are left
what is regeneration?
growth of new functional tissues
which of the 4 major tissues have the greatest capacity to regenerate?
epithelial and connective
what’s a scar?
dense fibrous mass and occurs when mass is large or deep
what’s a keloid?
unusually thick scar that may develop in lower layer of skin
which of the 4 major tissues has limited capacity when it comes to regeneration?
muscle and nervous
what happens when damaged muscle is replaced by connective tissue?
organ involved loses some or all function
do adult brain neurons grow back when injured?
almost never
example of nerve tissue damage:
serious brain and spinal cord injuries result in at least some permanent damage
what is inflammation?
natural process that reacts to injuries and promotes healing
what is a membrane?
thin, sheetlike structure that has many important functions
functions of a membrane(3)
- cover and protects body surface
- line body cavities
- cover inner surface of hollow organs
what does membrane lubrication do?
reduces friction during organ movements and between bones and joints
what are the two major body membranes?
epithelial and connective
what is the epithelial membrane?
its composed of epithelial tissues and glued by a basement membrane to a layer of supportive connective tissue
what are the three types of epithelial membranes?
cutaneous, serious, mucous
what’s the cutaneous membrane?
it covers body surfaces that are exposed to the external environment (skin)
what’s the largest/visible and important organ?
skin
what’s the serious membrane?
lines cavities that aren’t open to the external environment and covers many organs inside these cavities
what two layers of tissue is the serious membrane composed of?
-epithelial sheet
- connective tissue layer that holds and supports epithelial cells
example of serious membranes: (2)
pleura which surround a lung and lines the thoracic cavity
- peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity
what’s the mucous membrane?
epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces opening directly to exterior
example of mucous membrane: (1)
lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
what do mucous membranes produce?
a film of mucus that coats and protects underlying cells
example of mucus: (1)
lubricant for food as it moves along the digestive tract
what is mucus?
watery secretion that contains a mixture of mucins
what are mucins?
group of 2 dozen different proteoglycans
how are connective tissues different from epithelial tissues?
they dont consist of epithelial components
what is the synovial membrane?
lines space between bones and joints that move and are classified as connective tissue membranes
what does the synovial membrane produce?
synovial fluid
what is synovial fluid?
thick, colorless, lubricating fluid
what are macrophages?
phagocytic immune cells
what protects synovial joints from infection and inflammation of the arthritis?
specialized macrophages
what does the cutaneous membrane(skin) produce fluid wise
sweat
what’s the function of the skin?
protection
what fluid does the serous membrane produce?
serous fluid
what’s the serious membranes function?
lubrication
what’s the function of the mucous membrane?
protection and lubrication
what’s the function of the synovial membrane?
holds the joints together
- lubrication
what’s the main goal for tissues and membranes?
maintaining homeostasis
what do epithelial tissues do?
promote constancy of body’s internal environment
what do connective tissues do?
hold organs and systems together to form a connected body
what are the 4 main signs of inflammation?
-redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
what is a neoplasm(tumor)?
any unusual growth of cells
what are benign tumors?
tumors that don’t spread to other tissues
what are malignant tumors?
cancers that tend to spread to other regions of the body
example of malignant tumors: (1)
breast cancer
what is metastasis?
cell migration by lymphatic or blood vessels
what are carcinomas?
malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissues
example of carcinoma? (1)
melanoma; cancer of skin pigment cells
what is a sarcoma?
malignant tumors that arise from connective tissuesex
example of sarcoma: 1
osteosarcoma; bone cancer
what does cancer involve?
uncontrolled cell divisionw
what is hyperplasia?
too many cells
what is anaplasia?
abnormal cells
what is a carcinogen?
agents that affect genetic activity and cause atypical cell reproduction and sometimes are mutagens
what are mutagens?
cause changes/ mutations in cells DNA structure
what’s an example of carcinogens? (1)
tobacco products
why is early detection important?
its when the cancer is most treatable
what are some ways to detect cancer? (3)
- blood tests
- self examination
- medical imaging
what is a biopsy?
removal and examinatio0n of living tissue
what is staging cancer?
classifying tumors based on size and spread
what is grading cancer?
probably outcome
what does radiation, chemo, and laser therapy do?
gets rid of the rest of the cancer after removal
