chapter 9 Flashcards
tissue types
what is the epithelium?
epithelial tissue
what two types does the epithelial tissue divide into?
- membraneous
- glandular
what’s the function of membraneous epithelium tissue?
it covers the body and lines the serious cavities(pleura, peritoneum),
blood and lymphatic vessels
respiratory and digestive tracts
what’s the function of the glandular epithelium tissue?
form secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands
what’s are the 5 functions of epithelium?
- protection(most important)
- sensory functions
- secretion
- absorption
- execretion
since epithelium has limited amount of matrix(fluid around cells) what do the spaces in between have?
interstitial fluid
does epithelium renew itself and continuously produce new cells of different types?
yes
what are the four cell shapes of the membraneous epithelium?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and psuedostratified columnar
what does the squamous shape look like?
flat like a plate
what does the cuboidal shape look like?
cube-shaped and has more cytoplasm than squamous
what’s the columnar shape look like?
narrow and cylindrical
what does the psuedostratified columnar shape look like?
1 layer of oddly shaped cells
what is simple epithelium?
one layer
what is stratified spithelium?
layered with multiple
what is endothelium?
blood and lymphatic blood vessel lining
can glandular epithelium function as unicellular or multicellular?
both
what are exocrine glands?
they discharge secretion products into ducts
what’s an example of an exocrine gland?
salivary glands
what are endocrine glands?
discharge secretion(hormones) directly into blood or interstitial fluid
what’s an example of endocrine glands?
pituitary thyroid
what two shapes do exocrine glands have?
- tubular
- alveolar
how many ducts does a simple gland have?
one
how many ducts does a compound gland have?
two of more
what are the different methods that exocrine glands discharge secretion? (3)
- apocrine
- holocrine
- merocrine
what is the apocrine glands discharge method?
apocrine glands collect secretions from the tip face of the cell and release them into a duct by pinching a vesicle. They lose cytoplasm and have damage
example of apocrine glands method:
mammary glands that produce milk
what’s the holocrine discharge method?
holocrine glands collect secretions inside the cell and rupture completely and release it ( self-destruct)
example of holocrine gland method?
sebaceous gland producing oil to lubricate skin
what is the merocrine gland method?
merocrine glands discharge secretions through the cell or plasma membrane. there is no injury and no loss of cytoplasm
example of merocrine glands method:
salivary glands
which of the four main tissues is the most widespread and exists in many varied forms?
connective tissues
what are the functions of connective tissue? (6)
- connects tissues together
- connects muscle to muscle
- muscle to bone
- bone to bone
- supporting framework for body
- defends against invaders
what are the major types of connective tissue? (4)
- fibrous
- bone
- cartilage
- blood
What types of fibrous connective tissue are there?
- loose
-adipose - reitcular
- dense
whats the function of loose fibrous connective tissue?
connection ( like a glue that allows movement)
what’s the function of adipose tissue? (6)
- protection
- insulation
- support
- energy reserves
- heat production
- regulation of other tissues
where can you find adipose tissue?
under the skin
what’s the function of reticular tissue? (4)
- support
- filtration
- blood production
- immunity
where can you find reticular tissues?
- inner framework of spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
whats the function of irregular dense fibrous tissue?
connection and support
where can you find irregular dense fibrous tissue? (2)
- dermis
- scars
what’s the function on regular dense collagenous tissue?
flexible but strong connection
where can you find dense regular collagenous tissue? (2)
- tendons
- ligament
whats the function of dense elastic regular fibrous tissue?
flexibility
where can you find dense elastic regular fibrous tissue?
walls of some arteries
what types of bone connective tissue are there?
compact and cancellous
what is compact bone and where is it located?
hard shell of a bone in the outer shell of the bones
what’s the function of the compact bone? (3)
- support
- protection
-calcium reservoir
what and where is the cancellous bone tissue?
it is inside of the bones and it is spongey
what are the functions of cancellous bone tissue? (2)
- support
- provides framework for blood production
how is cartilage different from all the other tissues?
it only has one cell type, the chondrocyte
what types of cartilage are included in cartilage tissue? (3)
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage
what’s the function of hyaline cartilage?
firm and flexible support
where is hyaline cartilage found? (3)
- part of nasal septum
- larynx
- rings in trachea and bronchi
what’s the strongest and most durable cartilage tissue?
fibrocartilage
what’s the function of fibrocartilage?
durable connection between bones
where can fibrocartilage be found?
- disks between vertebrae
what’s the function of elastic cartilage tissue?
flexible support
where can elastic cartilage tissue be found?
external ear
what is blood tissue divided into?
plasma and formed elements
what’s are the three blood cell types?
red(erythrocytes), white (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)
what and where is blood tissue found?
its found in blood vessels and Is used for transportation and protection
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
what is skeletal muscle?
makes up most of muscles attached to bones
what is smooth muscle?
found in the walls of hollow organs
what’s an example of hollow organs in smooth muscle? 3
stomach, intestines, blood vessels
what is cardiac muscle?
makes up the walls of the heart
what are the basic functions of nervous tissue?
regulates and integrates the activities of the different parts of the body
what are the organs of the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
what are neurons?
conducting units of the nervous system
what are neuroglia?
connect, support, and regulate functions of neurons
what’s the axon?
transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body
what are dendrites?
carry nerve signals toward the axon
where are skeletal muscles located?
muscles attached to bone
what are the functions of skeletal muscles?
movement
examples of skeletal muscle: 2
- muscle attached to bones - movement of bones
- extrinsic eyeball muscles - eye movements
what is the location of smooth muscles?
walls of hollow organs, ducts of glands, walls of blood vessels, and intrinsic eye muscles
what is the function of smooth muscles?
movement and change in diameter
examples of smooth muscle: 2
- walls of hollow organs - movement of substances along ducts
- Intrinsic eye muscles - changes diameter of pupils and shape of lens
where is cardiac muscle located?
wall of the heart
what’s the cardiac muscles function?
contraction of the heart
what’s the location of nervous tissue?
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
what’s the function of nervous tissue?
excitability and conduction
