exam 5 Flashcards
chapter 13/14
what are the three categories of joints?
- synarthroses
- diarthroses
- ampiarthroses
what are the types of joints? 3
-fibrous
- cartilagenous
- synovial
which joint allows little to no movement?
fibrous
which joint allows some movement?
cartilagenous
which joint allows free movement?
synovial
what are the types of synovial joints? 6
- hinge joint
- pivot joint
- condyloid
- saddle
- ball-and-socket
- gliding
example of hinge joint:
elbow joint
example of pivot joint:
atlantoaxial joint in neck
example of condyloid join:
wrist joint
example of saddle joint:
carpometacarpal joint in thumb
example of ball- and-socket joint:
shoulder joint
example of gliding joint:
between vertebrae
what are some conditions of the intervertebral disc?
- slipped(herniated disc)
- intervertebral degenerative disease
what is a herniated disc?
where a disc is forced through a weak part of the spine
what is intervertebral degenerative disease?
break down of one or more discs that separate the bones of the spine
order of upper extremity proximal to distal: 8
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpal bones
- metacarpal bones
- phalanges
order of upper extremity distal to proximal: 8
- phalanges
- metacarpal bones
- carpal bones
- ulna
- radius
- humerus
- scapula
- clavicle
order of lower extremity proximal to distal: 9
- hip bone (coxal)
- illium
- femur (thigh)
- patella (kneecap)
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsal bones
- metatarsal bones
- phalanges
order of lower extremity distal to proximal: 9
- phalanges
- metatarsal bones
- tarsal bones
- fibula
- tibia
- patella
- femur
- ilium
- hip bone (coxal)
position of a goniometer in flexion:
typically when the joint is bent
position of goniometer in neutral:
straight
position of goniometer in extension
joint should be in a straightened position
what are the types of range of motion? 9
- passive
- active-assisted
- active
- flexion
- extension
- rotation
- supination
- abduction
- adduction
how would the body present itself during passive range of motion?
the body would be in a relaxed state
how would the body present itself in active assisted ROM?
person uses their muscles to move the joint while someone or something provides support to achieve a wider ROM
how would the body present itself in active range of motion?
body presents itself by actively moving a joint through range of motion
how would the body present itself during flexion ROM?
body presents itself where the joint is bent
how would the body present itself during extension ROM?
body presents itself where the joint is being straightened
how would the body present itself in rotation ROM?
body presents itself by actively twisting or turning a joint around its axis
how would the body present itself during supination?
forearm or foot that turns the palm or sole upward or forward
how would the body present itself during abduction?
movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
what makes up the hand? 3
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
what makes up the wrist?
carpals of eight small bones in the wrist
what makes up the middle of the hand?
5 metacarpals
what makes up the fingers?
phalanges(bones) each have three phalanges except for the thumb)
what makes up the foot? 3
-tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
what makes up the ankle and rear part of the foot?
seven tarsals
what makes up the middle part of the foot?
5 metatarsals
what makes up the toes?
phalanges (each have three phalanges except for the big toe)
where is the rotator cuff located?
it sits between your humerus and upper part of your shoulder blade (shoulder)
why would surgery be done on a rotator cuff?
if it has an injury such as a tear, if your experiencing pain
what kind of sports athlete would be at risk for injuring their rotator cuff?
baseball pitchers/ players
what are synchondroses?
they are a type of cartilagenous joint where the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage
where can you find synchondroses?
where flexibility is needed during growth and development
what’s an example of synchondroses? 2
- growth plate of long bones in children
- joint between the first rib and the sternum
what’s the largest joint in the body?
the knee
what’s the most frequently injured joint in the body?
the knee
what are the categories of bones? 4
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
what are long bones?
longer than they are wide and are involved in movement and support
examples of long bones: 2
- femur
- humerus
what are short bones?
roughly cube shaped and provide stability and support through movement
example of short bones: 2
- carpals in wrist
- tarsals in ankle
what are flat bones?
thin and flat and provide protection to internal organs and a surface for muscle attachment
example of flat bones: 3
- skull
- ribs
- sternum
what are irregular bones?
complex shapes that don’t fit into other categories
example of irregular bones: 2
- vertebrae
- certain facial bones
what’s the longest and heaviest bone?
femur or thigh bone
what is inversion?
movements of the foot that occur at the ankle joint and is where the sole of the foot turns inward, towards the midline of the body
what is eversion?
movement of the foot that occurs at the ankle joint and is where the sole of the foot turns outward away from the midline
what is flexion?
movement that occurs at joints and is the bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts
what is extension?
movement that occurs at joints and is the straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
what is abduction?
movement that occurs at joints and is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
what is adduction?
movement that occurs at joints and is movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
what are the carpal bones? acronym
some lovers try positions that they can’t handle
carpals bones acronym? 8
- scaphoid
- lunate
- triquetrum
- pisiform
- trapezium
- trapezoid
- capitate
8 hamate
what are the tarsal bones? acronym
Tiger cubs need MILC
tarsal bones 7?
- talus
- calcaneus (heel)
- navicular
- medial cuneiform
- intermediate cuneiform
- lateral cuneiform
- cuboid
which bones have a head? 5
- humerus
- femur
- radius
- metacarpals
- metatarsals
what is a head?
rounded ball like structure at the end of a bone that fits into a socket allowing wide range of motion
which bones have a trochlea? 2
- humerus
- femur
what is a trochlea?
spool shaped structure that allows movement in a specific direction
which bones have condyles? 4
- femur
- humerus
- occipital bone
- tibia
what’s a condylle?
at the end of a bone and forms a joint with another bone
bones with epicondyles? 3
- humerus
- femur
- tibia
what’s an epicondyles?
projection above condyle thaat provides attachment points for ligaments and tendons
which bones have fossa? 4
- scapula
- humerus
- femur
- cranial bones
what is fossa?
shallow depression or hollow area
which bones have process? 4
- scapula
- vertebrae
- humerus
- tibia
what is process?
bony projection or outgrowth that serves as an attachment points for muscles or ligaments
what are gomphoses?
type of fibrous joint that specifically refers
to the teeth and bony sockets in the jaw
what are the main ligaments of the hip? 4
- iliofemoral ligament
- pubofemoral
- ligamentum
- ligamentum teres
what are the main ligaments of the knee?? 4.
- anterior cruciate
- posterior cruciate
- medial collateral
- lateral collateral
what are the main ligaments of the shoulder? 4
- glenohumeral
- coracohumeral
- coracoacromial
- transverse humeral
what are the uniaxial joints?
hinge and pivot joints
example of hinge joint:
elbow joint
example of pivot joint:
atlantoaxial joint in neck
what are the biaxial joints?
saddle and condyloid joints
saddle joint example:
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
condyloid joints example:
wrist joint
what are the multiaxial joints?
ball-and-socket joint and gliding joint
example of ball-and-socket joint:
shoulder joint
example of gliding joint:
between vertebrae
what are the parts of a synovial joint? 7
- joint capsule
- synovial membrane
- articular cartilage
- joint cavity
- menisci
- ligaments
- bursae
what’s the joint capsule?
surround the joint and provides stability
what’s the articular cartilage?
smooth tissue that covers the ends of the bones at the joint which reduces friction
what’s the menisci?
crescent shape cartilage structures that provide additional cushioning and stability with certain joints
what is the ligaments?
strong bands of connective tissue that connect bones to other bones
