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Human Anatomy and Physiology > exam 7 > Flashcards

exam 7 Flashcards

chapter 17

1
Q

what is an isotonic contraction?

A

is where the tension remains the same and the muscle changes length

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2
Q

what arw the 2 types of isotonic contraction?

A
  • concentric
  • eccentric
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3
Q

what is a concentric contraction?

A

the muscle shortens as it contracts

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4
Q

what is an eccentric contraction?

A

the muscle lengthens while under tension

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5
Q

what’s a isometric contraction?

A

where the muscle remains the same and the tension increases

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6
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A

its the segment of a myofibril that’s responsible for muscle contraction

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7
Q

what are the characteristics of a sarcomere? 5

A
  1. somposed of thick and thin filaments
  2. each sarcomere is separated by z discs
  3. they facilitate muscle contraction through a sliding filament mechanism
  4. they have A, I, and H zone
  5. they contain elastic proteins
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8
Q

what’s the A band

A

segment that runs the entire length of thick filaments

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9
Q

what’s the I band?

A

segement that includes the z disk and ends of thin filaments where they don’t overlap thick filaments

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10
Q

what’s the H band?

A

middle region of thick filaments where they don’t overlap thin filaments

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11
Q

what’s the z disc?

A

marks the boundary of each sarcomere

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12
Q

what’s the process of contraction? 10

A
  1. nerve signal
  2. electrical impulse that travels down t-tubules
  3. calcium releases
  4. calcium binds to troponin
  5. cross-bridges are formed
  6. where energy is released
  7. detachment from actin filament
    8.. re-cocking making it ready to form another cross-bridge
  8. this cycle repeats leading to muscle contraction
  9. relaxation of muscle
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13
Q

how do filaments contract?

A

through the sliding filament theory

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14
Q

what’s the sliding filament theory? 6.

A
  1. myosin and actin are 2 main filaments
  2. myosin bind to actin filaments making cross-bridhes
  3. after they bind they pull actin toward center of sarcomere called a power stroke
  4. filaments slide past each other
  5. detachment from actin and re-cock to their original position
  6. the cycle repeats
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15
Q

what ions and chemicals are involved in muscle contraction? 5

A
  1. calcium ions
  2. ATP
  3. sodium ions
  4. potassium ions
  5. acetylcholine
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16
Q

what do calcium ions do?

A

calcium binds to troponin that exposes the binding sites for myosin

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17
Q

what does ATP do?

A

required for the myosin heads to detach and re-cock
- without ATP muscles would remain in a contracted state

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18
Q

what do sodium ions do?

A

sodium channels open which initiates the contraction process

19
Q

what do potassium ions do?

A

prepares for next muscle contraction and restores

20
Q

what’s atrophy?

A

the reduction in size or wasting away of a muscle or tissue

21
Q

why does atrophy occur?

A

decrease in munber of muscle fibers of loss of muscles structural proteins

22
Q

what is hypotonic?

A

solution that has lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution

23
Q

whats hypertonic?

A

solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution

24
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in size of muscle fibers which increases overall muscle mass

25
Q

what is a muscle cell/fiber made up of? 6

A
  1. myofibrils
  2. sarcoplasm
  3. sarcolemma
  4. sarcoplasmic reticulum
  5. mitochondria
  6. nuclei
26
Q

what is the order of size of the bundles?

A
  1. muscle fiber(cell) is the smallest unit
  2. fascicle; bundle of muscle fibers
  3. muscle is made up of multiple fascicles
27
Q

what makes up the fascicle?

A

bundle of muscle fibers and is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the perimysium

28
Q

what makes up a muscle?

A

multiple fascicles grouped together and surrounded by a connective tissue called the epimysium

29
Q

what are the connective tissue coverings?

A
  1. endomysium which surround individual muscle fibers
  2. perimysium that surrounds a group of muscle fibers
  3. epimysium which surrounds the entire muscle
30
Q

how is glucose store in the muscle?

A

stored in the form of glycogen

31
Q

what are the characteristics of muscle cell structure and their functional reaction? 5

A
  1. striations which are responsible for contraction
  2. multinucleation which helps muscle repair and growth
  3. sarcoplasmic reticulum helps trigger the contraction process
  4. t-tubules allow for rapid transmission of electrical signals
  5. functional reaction: sliding filament theory
32
Q

when does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

when oxygen isn’t available which typically happens in muscle cells during intense exercise

33
Q

what are the steps of anaerobic respiration? 3

A
  1. glycolysis which is where the glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate and generates a small amount of energy and doesn’t require oxygen
  2. fermentation; coverts pyruvate into lactic acid which can lead to muscle fatigue
  3. ATP production; allows energy production to continue in the absence of oxygen
34
Q

what is treppe?

A

phenomenon where the strength of muscle contractions increases. When a muscle has contracted a few times it contracts more forcefully then after its first contraction

35
Q

Why does a warm muscle contract more forcibly than a cool muscle?

A

a warm muscle contracts more forcibly than a cool cuscle because heat increases the speed of chemical reactions in the muscle cells, enzymes are allowed to work faster which enhances muscles ability to generate force

36
Q

physiology of contraction of cardiac muscle?

A

contracts with rhythm and is involuntary
it has discs that allow rapid conduction

37
Q

anatomical differences of cardiac muscle?

A

-they are branched and interconnected which forms a network that allows the heart to contract as a unit
-they have a single nucleus and have a striated appearance

38
Q

physiology of contraction of smooth muscle?

A

contracts slowly and involuntarily and is found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels

39
Q

anatomical differences of smooth muscle?

A

-they are spindle shaped with a single nucleus
- they lack striations

40
Q

physiology of contractions of skeletal muscle?

A

contracts rapidly and is voluntary and is responsible for body movement

41
Q

anatomical differences of skeletal muscle?

A

skeletal muscle fibers are long cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei
- they have striations

42
Q

what is muscle tone?

A

low level of continuous contraction of the muscles of healthy individual when they’re awake

43
Q

why is muscle tone important?

A

important for maintaining posture

Human Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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