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Anatomy Lecture > Exam IV Thorax > Flashcards

Exam IV Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What do we mean by true ribs, and which ribs are true?

A
  • attach independently to sternum

- ribs 1-7

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2
Q

What do we mean by false ribs, and which ribs are false?

A
  • connect to stenum indirectly

- 8-10

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3
Q

Which ribs are florating?

A

11-12

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4
Q

Which ribs are typical?

A

3-9

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of compression that can occur in thoracic outlet syndrome, and what is the result of each?

A
  • compression of the brachial plexus, resulting in impaired neurotransmission
  • compression of the subclavian artery (costoclavicular syndrome), resulting in weakened radial pulse
  • compression of the clavipectoral fascia, leading to symptoms in arm and shoulder
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6
Q

What muscles does the breast overlie?

A
  • 2/3 overlies pectoralis major fascia

- the rest overlies serratus anterior

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7
Q

What innervates breast tissue?

A

lateral cutaneous branches intercostal nerves 4-6

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8
Q

What is the word meaning more than two nipples? Where do they usually appear?

A
  • pollythelia

- along embryonic mamillary ridge from axilla to groin

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9
Q

What are the thoracic muscles not part of the upper limb?

A
  • intercostals (external, internal, innermost)
  • transverse thoracic muscle
  • subcostal muscle
  • serratus posterior muscle
  • levatores costarum
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10
Q

What do the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves branch into?

A

intercostal nerves, which branch into lateral cutaneous nerves near mid-axillary line, and also motor branches

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11
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries arise from?

A

thoracic aorta

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12
Q

From where does the internal thoracic arise?

A

subclavian artery

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13
Q

From where do the superior and lateral thoracic arteries arise?

A

axillary artery

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14
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A
  • interpleural regions inferior to the margins of the lungs
  • contain 10 mL of parietal fluid
  • lungs occupy more of the recesses during inspiration than during exhalation
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15
Q

What are the anterior inferior borders of the lungs and parietal pleura, respectively?

A
  • rib 8

- rib 10

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16
Q

What are the posterior inferior borders of the lungs and parietal pleura, respectively?

A
  • rib 10

- rib 11-12

17
Q

Which of the 2 pleura has nociceptors?

A

parietal

18
Q

How are the 2 pleura innervated?

A
  • visceral exclusively autonomic innervation

- parietal supplied by intercostal and phrenic nerves

19
Q

Pain referred from what regions of the parietal pleura gets referred to the the thoracic and abdominal wall?

A

costal and lateral diaphragmatic pleura

20
Q

Pain referred from what regions of the parietal pleura gets referred to the the neck and shoulder?

A

mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleura

21
Q

Parietal membrane pleura consists of what 4 parts?

A
  • costal pleura (thoracic wall)
  • mediastinal pleura
  • diaphragmatic pleura
  • cervical (or cupula) pleura (through superior thoracic aperture)
22
Q

How many pulmonary segments do the right and left lung have?

A
  • right: usually 10

- left: usually 8-9

23
Q

Which bronchi are the lobar bronchi? How many are there?

A
  • secondary

- 3 on right, 2 on left

24
Q

Which bronchi are the segmental bronchi? How many are there?

A
  • tertiary

- 20-25 generations (branches)

25
Q

Terminal bronchioles give rise to what?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
26
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary and bronchial blood?

A
  • bronchial blood does not have bronchial vein, and is oxygenated in bronchial artery
  • except in the hilus of the lung where there are bronchial veins
27
Q

The right bronchial vein merges with the _____ vein. The left bronchial vein merges with the ______ vein.

A

azygous; hemiazygous

28
Q

What is the name of the flat surface between the IVC and SVC that is mostly open during gestation?

A

sinus venosus or sinus venarum

29
Q

What can result if septal defects are not corrected?

A

pulmonary hypertension or cardiac failure

30
Q

What is the cause of valves not being able to OPEN completely, and what is the result?

A
  • stenosis

- results in limited flow of blood

31
Q

What is the cause of the valves not being able to CLOSE completely, and what is the result?

A
  • insufficiency (often caused from scarring or abnormal valvular growths)
  • results in regurgitation
32
Q

What occurs in prolapsed mitral valve?

A
  • the leaflets are enlarged or dysfunctional

- do not completely block flow of blood, generating murmur

33
Q

Which arteries are commonly involved in bypass procedures?

A

coronary and circumflex arteries

34
Q

Where does an MI most commonly occur?

A

left ventricle

35
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

substernal pain that extends down medial left arm

Anatomy Lecture (12 decks)

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