Exam IV Thorax Flashcards
What do we mean by true ribs, and which ribs are true?
- attach independently to sternum
- ribs 1-7
What do we mean by false ribs, and which ribs are false?
- connect to stenum indirectly
- 8-10
Which ribs are florating?
11-12
Which ribs are typical?
3-9
What are the 3 types of compression that can occur in thoracic outlet syndrome, and what is the result of each?
- compression of the brachial plexus, resulting in impaired neurotransmission
- compression of the subclavian artery (costoclavicular syndrome), resulting in weakened radial pulse
- compression of the clavipectoral fascia, leading to symptoms in arm and shoulder
What muscles does the breast overlie?
- 2/3 overlies pectoralis major fascia
- the rest overlies serratus anterior
What innervates breast tissue?
lateral cutaneous branches intercostal nerves 4-6
What is the word meaning more than two nipples? Where do they usually appear?
- pollythelia
- along embryonic mamillary ridge from axilla to groin
What are the thoracic muscles not part of the upper limb?
- intercostals (external, internal, innermost)
- transverse thoracic muscle
- subcostal muscle
- serratus posterior muscle
- levatores costarum
What do the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves branch into?
intercostal nerves, which branch into lateral cutaneous nerves near mid-axillary line, and also motor branches
Where do the posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries arise from?
thoracic aorta
From where does the internal thoracic arise?
subclavian artery
From where do the superior and lateral thoracic arteries arise?
axillary artery
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
- interpleural regions inferior to the margins of the lungs
- contain 10 mL of parietal fluid
- lungs occupy more of the recesses during inspiration than during exhalation
What are the anterior inferior borders of the lungs and parietal pleura, respectively?
- rib 8
- rib 10
What are the posterior inferior borders of the lungs and parietal pleura, respectively?
- rib 10
- rib 11-12
Which of the 2 pleura has nociceptors?
parietal
How are the 2 pleura innervated?
- visceral exclusively autonomic innervation
- parietal supplied by intercostal and phrenic nerves
Pain referred from what regions of the parietal pleura gets referred to the the thoracic and abdominal wall?
costal and lateral diaphragmatic pleura
Pain referred from what regions of the parietal pleura gets referred to the the neck and shoulder?
mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleura
Parietal membrane pleura consists of what 4 parts?
- costal pleura (thoracic wall)
- mediastinal pleura
- diaphragmatic pleura
- cervical (or cupula) pleura (through superior thoracic aperture)
How many pulmonary segments do the right and left lung have?
- right: usually 10
- left: usually 8-9
Which bronchi are the lobar bronchi? How many are there?
- secondary
- 3 on right, 2 on left
Which bronchi are the segmental bronchi? How many are there?
- tertiary
- 20-25 generations (branches)
Terminal bronchioles give rise to what?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
What is the difference between pulmonary and bronchial blood?
- bronchial blood does not have bronchial vein, and is oxygenated in bronchial artery
- except in the hilus of the lung where there are bronchial veins
The right bronchial vein merges with the _____ vein. The left bronchial vein merges with the ______ vein.
azygous; hemiazygous
What is the name of the flat surface between the IVC and SVC that is mostly open during gestation?
sinus venosus or sinus venarum
What can result if septal defects are not corrected?
pulmonary hypertension or cardiac failure
What is the cause of valves not being able to OPEN completely, and what is the result?
- stenosis
- results in limited flow of blood
What is the cause of the valves not being able to CLOSE completely, and what is the result?
- insufficiency (often caused from scarring or abnormal valvular growths)
- results in regurgitation
What occurs in prolapsed mitral valve?
- the leaflets are enlarged or dysfunctional
- do not completely block flow of blood, generating murmur
Which arteries are commonly involved in bypass procedures?
coronary and circumflex arteries
Where does an MI most commonly occur?
left ventricle
What is angina pectoris?
substernal pain that extends down medial left arm
