Exam I | Systems Overview: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic

Question 1

arteries

Answer 1

carry oxygenated blood away form the heart

Question 2

veins

Answer 2

return deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary and umbilical veins)

Question 3

pulmonary arteries

Answer 3

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 4

3 ways arteries are classified

Answer 4

1) composition of walls
2) size
3) thickness of wall relative to lumen

Question 5

3 general morphological classes of artery

Answer 5

1) conducting arteries (large elastic arteries)
2) distributing arteries (medium muscular arteries)
3) small arteries and arterioles

Question 6

large elastic arteries

Answer 6

• aka conducting arteries
• multiple elastic layers in walls
• e.g. aorta

Question 7

medium muscular arteries

Answer 7

• aka distributing arteries
• walls predominately of radial smooth muscle
• capable of significant vasoconstriction for blood flow regulation
• e.g. femoral artery

Question 8

small arteries and arterioles

Answer 8

• narrow lumina with thick muscular walls

- capable of constriction for maintenance of peripheral pressure

Question 9

end (terminal) arteries

Answer 9

• do not communicate with adjacent arteries

- blockage may result in significant ischemia and tissue damage

Question 10

functional terminal arteries

Answer 10

• very limited communication with adjacent arteries

- present in the brain, kidney, spleen, and intestines

Question 11

anastaomses

Answer 11

• interconnect arteries and veins at various points (branching interconnected system)
• often present in the joints
• may be relatively sparse or dense reticulating
• provide potential of re-routing blood in the event of blockage/compression, trauma, or dz. This generally requires time

Question 12

arteriosclerosis

Answer 12

• hardening of arteries
• wall thickens and becomes less elastic
• can contribute to elevated BP

Question 13

Atherosclerosis

Answer 13

• type of arteriosclerosis
• fat (cholesterol) accumulates on arterial wall, Ca deposition precipitates formation of atheromatous plaque
• flow is reduced as lumen narrows

Question 14

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?

Answer 14

• can potentially lead to thrombosis and ischemia or infarction (tissue damage)
• risk elevated as plaque is ruptured or becomes inflamed

Question 15

What are venae comitantes?

Answer 15

• interconnected paired veins

- when veins accompany medium-sized deep arteries as an enveloping anastomosis

Question 16

venous valves

Answer 16

• aka “check valves”
• present in medium veins of limbs, where gravity may oppose normal venous blood flow
• only allow blood flow to the heart
• contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle pumps blood unidirectionally (musculovenous pump)

Question 17

composition of large veins

Answer 17

-extensive lengthwise smooth muscle and tunica adventitia (connective tissue encapsulement)

Question 18

What is the blood pressure in the vena cava?

Answer 18

close to 0

Question 19

what are the 4 classifications of veins?

Answer 19

• superficial veins
• deep veins
• pulmonary veins
• systemic veins

Question 20

superficial veins

Answer 20

• near surface of body
• lack accompanying arteries
• important for thermoregulation

Question 21

deep veins

Answer 21

• usually accompany artery of similar name
• generally carry more blood than superficial veins
• occlusion (blockage) of certain deep veins can be life threatening
• contraction of muscle tends to divert blood to superficial veins

Question 22

systemic veins

Answer 22

carry deoxygenated blood from body tissues to right atrium

Question 23

pulmonary veins

Answer 23

4 vessels (2 from each lung) carry oxygenated blood to left atrium of heart

Question 24

What is anatomically more variable, arteries or veins?

Answer 24

veins

Question 25

What is a perforating vein?

Answer 25

connects superficial veins to deep veins

Question 26

Where do phlebitis and thrombophlebitis occur?

Answer 26

phlebitis occurs in superficial veins; thrombophlebitis occurs in deep veins

Question 27

varicose veins

Answer 27

• vessel becomes distended due to prolonged high hydrostatic blood pressure
• have impaired of dysfunctional valves (often following inflammation)
• common in the legs where distal pressure is greatest

Question 28

what are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 28

• returns excess ECF to venous circulation as lymph
• returns ECF protein and fats to circulation
• facilitates clearing of cellular debris from ECF

Question 29

lymphatic system includes what 3 main things?

Answer 29

• lymphatic vessels
• lymphatic capillaries
• lymphatic plexuses (networks)

Question 30

what is lymph?

Answer 30

clear fluid, similar to plasma

Question 31

What are the characteristics of lymphatic vessels?

Answer 31

• present in all tissues, except bone
• thin walls
• have check valves
• pass through lymph nodes into large lymphatic trunks that join to form right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

Question 32

right lymphatic duct

Answer 32

drains lymph from right head, neck, thorax, and right upper limb

Question 33

thoracic duct

Answer 33

drains the remainder of the body that right lymphatic duct does not

Question 34

what are lymphatic nodes?

Answer 34

dispersed clusters of lymphatic tissue that filter lymph

Question 35

what are lymph nodules?

Answer 35

-aggregations of lymphoid tissue (e.g lymphocytes) present along GI, respiratory, and urinary tract
often small, unencapsulated regions largely independent of lymphatic vessels (& therefore do not act as lymph filters)

Question 36

what is an example of a lymphatic nodule?

Answer 36

GI Peyer’s patches of ileum

Question 37

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 37

specialized small WBCs that participate in immunological defense

Question 38

Where do you find lymphatic tissue?

Answer 38

• concentrated in lymphatic nodules and nodules of spleen and thymus
• in red bone marrow
• along GI tract