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Anatomy Lecture > Exam I | Epithelia > Flashcards

Exam I | Epithelia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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2
Q

Where is epithelium found?

A
  • internal cavities
  • GI, GU, and reproductive tract
  • exocrine glands
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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of epithelium?

A

1) protective barrier against pathogens, toxins
2) limits or regulates fluid loss in some regions
3) secretion, absorption, and excretion

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4
Q

6 characteristics of epithelium

A
  • contains little, if any, matrix (ground substance)
  • linked by cell junctions
  • typically have apical (lumenal) and basolateral surfaces
  • largely avascular
  • highly mitotic
  • may be derived from all 3 germ layers
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5
Q

What is the basal lamina, and what is it made up of?

A
  • is the “bed” for overlying epithelial cells and is part of anchoring membrane
  • superficial portion of basement membrane
  • made up of lamina lucida and lamina densa
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6
Q

What is endothelium?

A

a type of epithelium that lines blood vessels, serous membranes, etc.

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7
Q

What makes up basement membrane?

A
  • basal lamina (lamina lucida and lamia densa)

- reticular lamina

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8
Q

What are the three main types of cell junctions?

A
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
  • anchoring junctions
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of anchoring junctions?

A
  • desmosomes
  • hemidesmosomes
  • adherens junctions
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10
Q

What 4 important proteins make up tight junctions?

A

1) e-cadherins
2) occludin
3) catenins
4) caludin-1

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11
Q

What are the functions of tight junctions?

A
  • separate cell into apical and basalolateral compartments

- prevent passage of substances between adjacent cells

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12
Q

what cytoskeletal components are associated with tight junctions?

A

actin filaments

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13
Q

What are two other names for tight junctions?

A
  • zonula occludens

- blocking zones

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14
Q

What are two other names for gap junctions?

A
  • connexons

- electrical junctions

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15
Q

What are gap junctions made up of?

A

connexins

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16
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A
  • facilitate rapid cell-to-cell communication. Can transmit action potentials (depolarization)
  • allow small proteins, sugars, and ions to pass from one cell to another
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17
Q

Name 5 areas where gap junctions can be found.

A
  • epithelia
  • cardiac muscle
  • some types of smooth muscle
  • certain types of neuron
  • osteocytes
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18
Q

What is the difference between desmosomes and hemidesmosomes?

A
  • desmosomes tie together 2 epithelial cells

- hemidesmosomes bind epithelial cells to basement membrane

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19
Q

what are CAMs? Give 3 examples

A
  • cell adhesion molecules

- cadherins and catenins

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20
Q

What are desmosomes made up of?

A

cadherins

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21
Q

How do desmosomes function?

A

link intermediate filaments of adjacent cells

22
Q

which cell junctions aggregate into “plaques” along the cell membrane?

A

desmosomes

23
Q

What do hemidesmosomes do?

A

link cells to extracellular matrix (basal lamina)

24
Q

What are hemidesmosomes made up of?

A

integrins

25
Q

where are tight junctions found?

A

proximal to apical membrane

26
Q

What cytoskeletal filaments are hemidesmosomes associated with?

A

Intermediate filaments

27
Q

what are the functions of adherens junctions?

A
  • use cadherins or integrins to link actin filaments
  • provide points linking cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
  • strengthens and stabilized nearby tight junctions
28
Q

what are adherens junctions essential to?

A

cell morphology

29
Q

Name 3 ways epithelia can be classified by shape.

A
  • squamous (flat, thin)
  • cuboidal (square)
  • columnar (rectangular)
30
Q

Name 3 ways epithelia can be classified by number of layers.

A
  • simple (one layer)
  • stratified (multiple layers)
  • pseudostratified (appearance of multiple layers)
31
Q

What are 3 ways, besides number of layers and shape, that epithelia can be classified?

A
  • function
  • appearance
  • presence of cilia
32
Q

structure of simple squamous epithelia

A
  • single, thin layer of flat cells

- little or no intracellular matrix

33
Q

simple squamous epithelia function

A
  • gas exchange
  • diffusion
  • filtration
34
Q

What 3 places can simple squamous epithelia be found?

A
  • alveoli
  • endothelia of capillaries
  • renal corpuscle
35
Q

Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  • epidermis

- cornea of eye

36
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection

37
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium is usually involved in what?

A
  • glandular secretion

- absorption

38
Q

What 4 places can simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A
  • ovary
  • kidney tubules
  • glandular tissue of thyroid (thyroid follicles)
  • pancreas
39
Q

Where are 3 places stratified cuboidal can be found?

A
  • uncommon
  • mamillary glands
  • salivary glands
  • some sweat glands
40
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelia?

A
  • secretion and absorption

- some protection

41
Q

what 2 places can simple columnar be found?

A
  • GI tract (villi)

- reproductive tract

42
Q

what are 2 places pseudostratified epithelium can be found?

A
  • respiratory tract

- portions of reproductive tract

43
Q

describe the structure of pseudostratified epithelium.

A
  • typically ciliated
  • simple, but appears stratified
  • columnar cells extend to basement membrane, but not all cells reach lumen. Cells are of different heights
  • heterogeneous arrangement of nuclei
44
Q

What is the function of Goblet cells, and where are they found?

A
  • secrete mucus
  • in stratified squamous, columnar epithelia, and pseudostratified epithelia
  • in GI and GU tract epithelium
45
Q

What are the three types of epithelial secretion?

A
  • merocrine
  • apocrine
  • holocrine
46
Q

What is merocrine secretion and where does it occur?

A
  • relatively common (e.g. some sweat glands)

- vesicles leave Golgi, merge with plasma membrane (EXOCYTOSIS), and secrete contents

47
Q

What is apocrine secretion, and where does it occur?

A
  • apical portion of cell is pinched off and released during secretion (blebbing)
  • occurs in sweat glands of axillary and pubic region
48
Q

What is holocrine secretion, and where does it occur?

A
  • cell undergoes lysis and disintegrates

- sebaceous glands

49
Q

Where is glycocalyx found?

A
  • slime on fish and eels
  • ubiquitous in all human tissues
  • respiratory tract
  • protective lining in blood vessels
  • lining of skeletal muscle
50
Q

Glycocalyx functions (the proven ones)

A
  • mediates interactions between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
  • mediates interactions between lumen of a tract and what flows through it
  • mediates flow of blood through vessels
  • protective lining of blood vessels
51
Q

what is the composition of the glycocalyx?

A

gel-like matrix of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and negatively charged molecules

Anatomy Lecture (12 decks)

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