Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Lecture > Exam I | Integument > Flashcards

Exam I | Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of body weight is the integumentary system, and what does it include?

A
  • 15%

- hair, skin, nails, and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 7 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • protection (trauma, pathogens, radiation, chemicals)
  • excretion
  • water retention
  • thermoregulation
  • energy storage (lipids)
  • vitamin D production
  • tactile sensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are two other names for the subcutaneous layer? What are the components of this layer?

A
  • superficial fascia, hypodermis

- adipose tissue and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State the components of the epidermis.

A
  • 4-5 cell layers

- primary cell types are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Lanhgerhan’s cells, and Merkel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the general characteristics of the epidermis?

A
  • avascular
  • thinner than dermis
  • 50-100 cell layers, approximately the width of one sheet of paper
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the fibrous matrix of the dermis include?

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • glycosaminoglycans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the cells of the dermis?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • adipocytes
  • macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the general characteristics of the dermis?

A
  • thicker than the dermis

- vascular, blood supply also diffuses nutrients into epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of the dermis?

A

provide foundational structural support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Briefly describe the different layers of the dermis.

A
  • papillary dermis (most superficial)
  • reticular dermis (80% of dermis)
  • both are separated by the subpapillary network (rete subpapillare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the components of the papillary layer of the dermis.

A
  • chiefly areolar tissue
  • dermal papillae extend towards dermis and have capillary loops in them
  • sensory structures such as free nerve endings, Meisner’s corpuscles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the components of the reticular layer of the dermis.

A
  • irregular, dense connective tissue with extensive collagen

- abundance of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) generally oriented to form Langer’s lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of the reticular layer?

A

confers strength (collagen) and flexibility (elastic fibers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the difference between thin and thick skin?

A

thick skin (palms and soles) has the stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the thickest region of the skin?

A

reticular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 3 other names for Langer’s lines?

A

1) Tension lines
2) Cleavage lines
3) Kraissl’s lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are tension lines?

A
  • refer to the orientation of collagen and other connective tissue fibers throughout the body
  • fibers act to draw the skin “taut”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why are Langer’s lines important?

A

-cutting with tension lines during surgery minimizes scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are two other names for stretch marks?

A

stria rubra

stria distensae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define and describe stretchmarks.

A
  • disruption of fibrous infrastructure of connective tissue fibers
  • generally perpendicular to tension lines
  • may cause temporary discoloration of skin, followed by permanent (if fading) lines
  • reddish coloration turns white over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes stretch marks?

A

prolonged distension of skin. May follow growth, pregnancy, or endocrine disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

pheomelanin (pink-red)

eumelanin (yellowish to black)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a nevus?

A

dense concentration of melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe where and how melanin is produced.

A
  • produced in stratum basale of epidermis, in melanosomes of melanocytes
  • melanin is synthesized by tyrosine via tyrosinase
  • once produced, melanosomes carries melanin into adjacent cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What affects the production of melanin?

A
  • uv radiation (increases)
  • hormones
  • skin injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is another name for melanosomes?

A

melanin granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are non-pigment contributors to skin color?

A
  • hemoglobin in blood vessels (confers reddish or pinkish color)
  • carotene (confers orange or yellow color)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the neurological/ vision consequences associated with albinism?

A
  • nystagmus
  • strabismus
  • undeveloped macula
  • transillumination of the eye (retina develops abnormally)
  • altered optical pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the prevalence of albinism?

A

1 in 17,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 5 types of skin discoloration?

A

1) hyperpigmentation
2) jaundice
3) cyanosis
4) carotenemia
5) metallic discoloration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is carotenemia, and what causes it?

A
  • unusual deposition of carotene in skin

- may result from elevated intake or altered metabolism of carotene (as in diabetes or myxedema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What causes hyperpigmentation?

A
  • endocrine or metabolic diseases

- Addison’s or Cushing’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What causes hyperbilirubinemia?

A

failure of liver and spleen to effectively recycle RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What causes cyanosis?

A

hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is another name for stratum basale, and why is it called that?

A

stratum germinativum, because highly mitotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

State the layers of the epidermis, from most superior to most inferior.

A 
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosuum
stratum basale (germinativum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the structure and location of the stratum germinativum, and what cells does it contain?

A
  • simple cuboidal layer
  • rests on basement membrane
  • keratinocytes, melanocytes, and stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the function of the stratum germinativum?

A

serves as the source of new epidermal cells which migrate superficially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the stratum spinosum made up of, and what cells/structures does it contain?

A
  • made up of layers of keratinocytes extensively linked by desmosomes
  • melanosomes
  • Langerhan’s cells
  • dendritic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the stratum granulosum made up of?

A
  • layers of mature keratinocytes.

- cells die as they move farther away from capillaries in dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the function of the stratum graulosum?

A

produces keratin and hydrophobic glycolipids that “waterproof” skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the stratum lucidum made up of?

A

layers of squamous, dead, keratinocytes

43
Q

What is the most superior layer of the epidermis in which keratinocytes are still alive?

A

stratum granulosum

44
Q

what is the stratum corneum made up of?

A
  • layers of defunct keratinocytes

- glycolipid layers limit water loss

45
Q

what seperates the stratum basale from the dermis?

A

basement membrane

46
Q

What determines growth rate of the epidermis?

A
  • epidermal growth factors
  • rate at which corneal cells are lost
  • migration from basal layer to stratum corneum requires about 1 month
47
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes (90%)

48
Q

What is the second most abundant cell type in the epidermis?

A

melanocytes (8%)

49
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A
  • release the fibrous protein keratin

- release hydrophopic glyocolipids from lamellar granules (waterproofing skin)

50
Q

How do keratinocyte layers change as they migrate to the skin surface?

A

go from cuboidal to squamous

51
Q

Where are Merkel cells located and what do they do?

A
  • reside near the dermis

- act as slow-adapting tactile receptors

52
Q

Describe the characteristics of thin skin.

A
  • hairy
  • has sparse dermal papillae, this lower density of epidermal ridges
  • relatively fewer sudoriferous glands or sensory receptors
  • lack stratum lucidum
53
Q

Describe the characteristics of thick skin.

A
  • hairless
  • up to 3 mm thick
  • abundant sweat glands and sensory receptors, but lacks oil glands
54
Q

What does the hair follicle consist of?

A
  • external root sheath (ERS)
  • internal root sheath (IRS)
  • connective tissue root sheath
55
Q

what is the purpose of the hair follicle?

A

shapes hair

56
Q

how many hair follicles are on a typical human?

A

5 million

57
Q

How do hair follicles change with age?

A
  • cease forming after birth

- follicle density declines with age, especially on scalp

58
Q

Caucasians have what kind of hair follicle shape?

A

round, oval

59
Q

Africans have what kind of hair follicle shape?

A

elliptical, flat

60
Q

Asians have what kind of hair follicle shape?

A

round, large

61
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A

smooth muscle subject to autonomic regulation

62
Q

What are the 3 stages of hair growth?

A

1) growth (anagen) stage
2) regression (catagen) stage
3) resting (telogen) stage

63
Q

Describe the anagen stage of hair growth.

A
  • 80-90% of hairs are in this stage
  • 2-7 years for scalp hair
  • cell division in matrix, forcing other cells to surface
  • cells progressively acquire keratin and expire
64
Q

Describe the catagen stage of hair growth.

A
  • takes 2-3 weeks
  • cell division ceases
  • follicle regresses
65
Q

Describe the telogen stage of hair growth

A
  • takes 3 months

- loss of hair

66
Q

What is the condition of excessive hair growth on the body (including the eyelids)?

A

hypertrichosis

67
Q

Name the sweat glands of the integumentary system.

A
  • sebaceous (oil)

- sudoriferous (sweat): apocrine and eccrine

68
Q

What are the characteristics of sebaceous glands?

A
  • release sebum which is chiefly oil
  • usually associated with hair follicles, but secrete onto skin in tarsal glands of eyes and lips as well
  • absent on soles and palms
69
Q

what is the purpose of sebaceous glands?

A

-protects hair and skin (waterproofing and prevents desiccation)

70
Q

Where is carotene found?

A

in the stratum corneum, dermis, and hypodermis (chiefly fatty areas)

71
Q

What are Langerhan’s cells?

A
  • a type of epidermal macrophage
  • immunological scavengers, provide immune protection
  • is a “fixed” macrophage
  • migrate from bone marrow to dermis
72
Q

what happens to epidermal cells as they progressively move away from dermal capillaries?

A
  • lose metabolic capabilities and nuclei
  • become progressively more keratinized in stratum granulosum as keratin protein is assimilated into keratin intermediate filaments
73
Q

What is another name for Langerhan’s cells?

A

Dendritic cells

74
Q

Vitamin D synthesis

A

begins in skin, and is completed in liver and kidney

75
Q

What happens in the skin in hyperthermia?

A
  • blood flow to skin increases as capillaries dilate

- sudoriferous glands are stimulated by blood flow which leads to increased perspiration

76
Q

What happens in the skin in hypothermia?

A
  • blood flow to skin decreases as capillaries constrict
  • arrector pili muscles contract
  • skeletal muscles contract (shivering) to generate heat
  • BMR elevated via release of adrenergics and thyroid hormone
77
Q

What do eccrine and apocrine glands secrete?

A
  • eccrine secrete water, electrolytes, and nitrogenous wastes
  • apocrine glands secretions have high fat content, which is metabolized by bacteria causing B.O.
78
Q

where are eccrine and apocrine glands located?

A
  • eccrine glands are abundant, especially on palms and soles

- apocrine glands are chiefly in axillary and urogenital regions

79
Q

What is the difference in eccrine and apocrine method of secretion?

A
  • eccrine glands secrete directly onto skin

- apocrine glands extend form the dermis through a duct near the hair follicle

80
Q

What stimulates eccrine and apocrine gland secretion?

A
  • eccrine respond to sympathetic activation to lower skin temperature, or as a response to stress
  • apocrine respond chiefly to stress
81
Q

NMSC

A

non-melanoma skin cancer

82
Q

What skin cancers are caused by UV radiation?

A
  • basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

- squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

83
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength (frequency) of a sun ray and energy?

A

inverse

84
Q

uVA

A
  • photoaging
  • oncogenic (as it reaches basal layers of dermis)
  • tanning beds
  • 95% of total uV radiation reaching surface
  • deepest penetrating ray (long wave)
85
Q

uVB

A
  • erythema and sunburn
  • intensity varies with season and time
  • oncogenic
  • 2nd deepest penetrating ray (medium wavelength)
86
Q

uVC

A
  • short wavelength

- largely reduced by ozone layer

87
Q

What 4 things can cause a burn?

A
  • heat
  • extreme cold
  • chemicals
  • radiation
88
Q

How are burns classified?

A
  • by depth of skin affected

- depth of skin determines what degree burn is

89
Q

partial thickness burns

A
  • painful

- 2nd degree burns

90
Q

full thickness burns

A
  • -3rd degree burn
  • epidermis and dermis destroyed, damages hypodermis
  • tend to destroy nerve fibers
  • do not heal, usually necessitate skin grafts
91
Q

4th degree burn

A

involves hypodermis, muscle, and bone

92
Q

2nd degree burns

A
  • aka partial thickness burns
  • epidermis destroyed, dermis damaged
  • can be superficial or deep
93
Q

Rule of Nines

A
  • burn of anterior and posterior lower limbs is 36%
  • burn of anterior and posterior trunk is 36%
  • anterior and posterior upper limbs is 18%
  • anterior and posterior head and neck is 9%
  • perineum is 1%
94
Q

When are burns considered critical?

A
  • if over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burbs
  • if over 10% of the body has 3rd degree burns
  • if there are 3rd degree burns on face, hands, or feet
95
Q

Utricharia

A

hives (red, itchy eruptions)

96
Q

what is another name for spider veins?

A

telangiaectasis

97
Q

What contributes to spider vein formation?

A

-genetics and aging

98
Q

acne vulgaris

A
  • affects 80% of adolescents
  • generally associated with blocked release of sebum
  • bacterial action on sebum tends to aggravate inflammation
99
Q

psoriasis

A
  • chronic inflammatory condition
  • epidermal plaques form as cells rapidly proliferate
  • highly diverse variable presentation
  • aggravated by environmental “triggers”
100
Q

Warts

A
  • infection by HPV, a DNA virus
  • contagious- by direct contact or surface contamination
  • tend to regress without treatment over several months or years
101
Q

BCC

A
  • cells of stratum basale proliferate into hypodermis and dermis
  • most common type of skin CA, least malignant (treated surgically with 99% success)
  • tends to grow slowly. May appear as “shiny dome” or as ulcerating nodules
102
Q

SCC

A
  • chiefly involve spiny layer (stratum spinosum) cells
  • kills 5,000 Americans annually
  • typically on scalp, ears, or lower lip
  • can rapidly spread to lymph nodes
  • scaly red patches or sores that may crust or bleed
103
Q

melanoma

A
  • most lethal, but rarest skin CA
  • tend to appear spontaneously. 1/3 develop from pigmented moles
  • highly metastatic, resistant to chemotherapy

Anatomy Lecture (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions