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Anatomy Lecture > Exam IV Abdomen > Flashcards

Exam IV Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the anterolateral wall, from superficial to deep, underneath the skin?

A

1) Camper fascia (superficial fatty layer)
2) Scarpa fascia (epimysium)
3) external oblique m.
4) internal oblique m.
5) transversus abdominus m.
6) transversalis fascia
7 extraperitoneal fat
7) parietal peritoneum

*investing fascia (superficial, intermediate. and deep) overlie each muscle layer

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2
Q

The semilunar line is where?

A

at the respective lateral aspects of the aponeuroses of the internal and external obliques

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3
Q

What is the lower boundary of posterior rectus sheath?

A

arcuate line

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4
Q

What makes up the anterior layer of the rectus sheath, ABOVE the arcuate line?

A
  • part of internal oblique m. aponeurosis

- aponeurosis of external oblique m.

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5
Q

What makes up the posterior layer of the rectus sheath, ABOVE the arcuate line?

A
  • part of the internal oblique m. aponeurosis

- aponeurosis of transverse abdominal m.

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6
Q

The inferior epigastric artery originates from ____ ___ artery to anastomose with superior epigastric artery and ___ ____ artery.

A

external iliac; internal thoracic

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7
Q

From what nerve do the iliohypogastric and iliolingual nerves arise?

A

anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1

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8
Q

From where does the superior epigastric artery orginate?

A

internal thoracic artery

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9
Q

What arteries originate from the femoral artery?

A
  • superficial circumflex iliac

- superficial epigastric

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10
Q

From where does the deep circumflex artery arise?

A

external iliac artery

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11
Q

What makes up the anterior layer of the rectus sheath, BELOW the arcuate line?

A
  • part of internal oblique m. aponeurosis
  • external oblique m. aponeurosis
  • transverse abdominal m. aponeurosis
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12
Q

What makes up the posterior layer of the rectus sheath, BELOW the arcuate line?

A

transversalis fascia only

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13
Q

What is the incision for gallbladder removal called?

A

subcostal

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14
Q

What incision is made for hysterectromy?

A

Pfanenstiel (suprapubic)

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15
Q

What incisions are for appendectomy?

A
  • Gridiron

- transverse

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16
Q

What incisions are made for exploratory operations?

A
  • median/midline

- left paramedian incision

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17
Q

What is the tradeoff with making an incision to the linea alba, and what explains this tradeoff?

A
  • lesser perfusion to this region

- will be less bleeding but takes longer to heal

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18
Q

The internal spermatic fascia in the spermatic cord is a continuation of what layer or the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

transversalis fascia

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19
Q

The INTERNAL oblique muscle becomes what in the spermatic cord?

A

cremaster muscle

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20
Q

The external spermatic fascia is a continuation of what layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

external oblique muscle aponeurosis

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21
Q

What does the inguinal canal encapsulate in males? Females?

A

spermatic cord; round ligament of the uterus

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22
Q

The internal (deep) inguinal ring is an invagination of what structure?

A

transversalis fascia

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23
Q

The internal (superficial) inguinal ring is a narrow opening made from what structure?

A

aponeurosis of external oblique m.

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24
Q

Where and how do direct hernias occur?

A
  • In Hesselbach’s triangle, which is just medial to deep inguinal ring
  • internal organs protrude through deep inguinal ring
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25
Q

What structures in the abdominal cavity are retroperitoneal?

A
  • kidneys
  • pancreas
  • vertebrae
  • aorta
  • IVC
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26
Q

Epigastric pain is usually referred from where?

A

visceral peritoneum of foregut structures

27
Q

Pubic pain is usually referred from where?

A

visceral peritoneum of hindgut strucures

28
Q

Compare the nerve supply and sensation of the parietal peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum.

A
  • parietal has somatic nerve supply and is sensitive to pressure, pain, and temperature. sensation is well localized
  • visceral peritoneum has autonomic fibers, no tactile or thermal receptors, and pain is referred
29
Q

What is another name for the LESSER omentum?

A

hepatogastric ligament

30
Q

What is another name for the GREATER omentum?

A

gastrocolic ligament

31
Q

What is an adhesionotomy?

A

separation of peritoneal membranes

32
Q

What can cause peritonitis?

A

infiltration of bacteria caused by

  • tissue necrosis
  • trauma
  • ulceration
  • external sources, internal gas, fecal matter
33
Q

Peritonitis can lead to what 2 things?

A
  • adhesions (parietal and visceral membranes converge)

- ascites

34
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

celiac trunk

35
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric artery

36
Q

What artery supplied the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

37
Q

What structures are categorized as MIDGUT?

A
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • proximal duodenum
38
Q

What structures are categorized as HINDGUT?

A
  • left transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • most of rectum
39
Q

What part of the esophagus is protective against reflux?

A

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

40
Q

What and where is the z line?

A
  • transition of epithelia from stratified squamous to columnar
  • at esophagogastric junction
41
Q

What are the 3 muscle layers of the stomach?

A
  • radial
  • longitudinal
  • transverse (oblique)
42
Q

How does the jejunum compare to the ileum?

A
  • shorter and thicker
  • blood vessels are thicker, mesentery tends to be redder
  • more packed with adipose tissue and greater abundance of gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)
  • less extensive arterial arcades
43
Q

What artery supplies the cecum? What does it branch into?

A

ileocolic artery; appendicular artery

44
Q

What artery supplies the transverse colon?

A

middle colic artery

45
Q

What arteries supplies the descending colon?

A
  • proximally: superior mesenteric vein

- distally: inferior mesenteric vein

46
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A
  • red pulp recycles RBCs, bilirubin, iron
  • white pulp plays a role in adaptive and innate immune systems
  • serves as reservoir for blood
47
Q

What is the largest branch of the celiac trunk?

A

splenic artery

48
Q

What part of the pancreas is adjacent to the hilum of the spleen? What part is adjacent to duodenum?

A

tail; head

49
Q

What artery provides blood supply to greater curvature of stomach?

A

pancreticoduodenal artery

50
Q

What part of the peritoneum envelops the liver?

A

coronary ligament

51
Q

What separates the ANATOMICAL lobes of the liver?

A
  • falciform ligament

- left sagittal fissure

52
Q

What part of the liver contains the caudate and quadrate lobe?

A

left FUNCTIONAL liver

53
Q

What is the difference between the hepatic vein and the portal vein?

A
  • hepatic vein is draining blood from liver segments to the IVC
  • portal vein is draining blood from the GI tract to the liver
54
Q

What separates the FUNCTIONAL lobes of the liver?

A

portal triad

55
Q

What segments constitute the left functional liver?

A

1-4

56
Q

What is the trajectory of blood through the liver lobules from the hepatic artery and portal vein?

A

sinusoid>central vein>hepatic vein>IVC

57
Q

The ampulla of Vater is formed by the merging of which 2 ducts?

A

bile and pancreatic ducts

58
Q

What drains bile into the duodenum?

A

Ampulla of Vater, via the major duodenal papilla

59
Q

What type of pain does biliary colic produce?

A

epigastric

60
Q

Where is gallbladder pain referred to?

A

regions of abdomen, thorax, and shoulder

61
Q

What causes cholecystitis?

A

blockage of bile cystic duct

62
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the bladder?

A

transitional

63
Q

Where does ureteric colic cause pain?

A
  • lumbar region
  • inguinal region
  • proximal thigh
  • external genitalia

Anatomy Lecture (12 decks)

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