Exam I | Introduction Flashcards
Anatomical name for front of the elbow
Antecubitus
Anatomical name for wrist
Carpus
Anatomical name for chin/ pertaining to chin
Mentis/ Mental
Anatomical names for chest
Thorcis/ Thorax
Anatomical name for lower leg/ pertaining to lower leg
Crus/ crural
Anatomical name for breast
Mamma
Pertaining to shoulder
Acromial
Anatomical name for face
Facies
Anatomical name for forehead
Frons
Anatomical name for cheek
Bucca
Anatomical name for sole of foot
Planta
Anatomical name for ear/ pertaining to ear
Auris/ Otic
Anatomical name for thumb
Pollex
Anatomical name for great toe
Hallux
Anatomical name for hand/ pertaining to hand
Manus/ manual
Anatomical name for posterior elbow/ pertaining to posterior elbow
Olecranon/ olecranal
Anatomical name for upper arm
Brachium
Anatomical name for forearm
Antebrachium
Anatomical name for palm
Palma
Anatomical name for groin
Inguen
Anatomical name for neck
Cervisis
anatomical name for back
Dorsum
Anatomical name for loin
Lumbus
Anatomical name for eye
Oculus
Anatomical name for mouth
Oris
Anatomical name for nose
Nasus
Anatomical name for foot
Pes
Anatomical name for ankle
Tarsus
Pertaining to the hip
Coxal
Anatomical name for back of the knee
Popliteus
Define the median plane.
- type of sagittal plane
- divides into almost symmetrical right and left halves. Not all organs are symmetrical (heart, liver, etc.)
Define the sagittal plane.
- plane parallel to median plane
- paramedian planes are near median plane
Define the frontal plane.
- aka coronal plane
- plane at right angle to median plane
- divides body into asymmetrical anterior and posterior halves
Define the transverse plane.
- AKA cross-sectional or axial plane
- at right angle to median and coronal planes
- divides body into superior and inferior regions
Compare extension and flexion.
- extension is straightening or increasing angle
- flexion is decreasing of angle
Describe flexion/extension and abduction/adduction of the thumb.
- bring thumb to palm to flex, stretch laterally to extend
- abduction is thumb anterior to palm, adduction is drawing the fingers together
Compare abduction and adduction.
- abduction is movement away from the median plane (spreading of fingers)
- adduction is movement towards median plane (bringing fingers together)
What movement is hip flexion?
Moving forward
Define rotation and describe medial versus lateral rotation.
- turning along a lengthwise axis
- medial rotation is anterior surface moving towards median plane
- lateral rotation is anterior surface moving away from median plane
Define circumduction.
Revolution of limb or structure around distal lengthwise axis
Compare pronation vs supination.
- supination is palm rotated laterally into anatomical position
- pronation if medial rotation of forearm. Palm is rotated to face posterior
Compare eversion vs inversion.
- Eversion is sole of the foot turned outward
- Inversion is sole of the foot turned inwards
Compare protrusion vs intrusion.
- Protrusion is thrusting structure anteriorly
- Intrusion is retraction of structure
What are the 4 major body cavities?
- cranial
- thoracic
- abdominal
- pelvic
Name abdominopelvic regions starting superiorly from left to right.
Right hypochondriac—> epigastric—> left hypochondriac
Right lumbar—>umbilical—> left lumbar
Right iliac—> hypogastric—>left iliac
What organs does the right hypochondriac region contain?
- Gallbladder
- Liver
- Right kidney
- Small intestine
What organs does the epigastric region contain?
- Stomach
- Gallbladder
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Duodenum
- Spleen
- Adrenal glands
What organs does the left hypochondriac region contain?
- Spleen
- Pancreas
- Left kidney
- Colon
Where is the transpyloric division?
Between the xiphoid and umbilicus
What organs does the right lumbar region contain?
- ascending (right) colon
- Gallbladder
- Liver
What organs does the umbilical region contain?
- duodenum and parts of the small intestine
- umbilicus
What organs does the left lumbar region contain?
- left kidney
- left (descending) colon
What organs does the right iliac region contain?
- appendix
- cecum
What organs does the hypogastric region contain?
- urinary bladder
- female reproductive organs
- sigmoid colon
What organs does the left iliac region contain?
- descending (left) colon
- sigmoid colon
What abdominopelvic region has the female reproductive organs?
Hypogastric
What abdominopelvic region contains the bladder?
Hypogastric
What abdominopelvic regions contain the sigmoid colon?
- left iliac
- hypogastric
What abdominopelvic region contains the cecum?
Right iliac
Where are the descending and ascending colon located?
- ascending colon is in right lumbar region
- descending colon is in left lumbar and left iliac regions
What abdominopelvic region has adrenal glands?
Epigastric
What abdominopelvic regions contain the spleen?
- epigastric
- left hypochondriac
What abdominopelvic regions contain the duodenum?
- epigastric
- umbilical
What abdominopelvic regions contain the pancreas?
- left hypochondriac
- epigastric
What abdominopelvic region contains the stomach?
epigastric
What abdominopelvic regions contain small intestine?
- umbilical
- right hypochondriac
In what abdominopelvic regions are the right and left kidney located?
- right kidney located in right hypochondriac region
- left kidney located in left hypochondriac and left lumbar regions
What abdominopelvic regions contain the gallbladder?
- right hypochondriac
- right lumbar
What abdominopelvic region contains the appendix?
right iliac
What abdominopelvic regions contain the liver?
- right hypochondriac
- right lumbar
- epigastric
What are the 4 fascia?
- pericardium
- pleurae
- peritoneum
- septal membranes
How many bones are present at birth?
270
What makes up the axial skeleton?
- skull
- vertebrae
- ribs
- sternum
- hyoid
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
- pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
- pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis)
- limbs
Describe bone tissue.
-vascularized cellular tissue with ossified matrix
What are the functions of bones?
- provide structural support
- site of hematopoiesis
- store calcium and other mineral salts
- facilitate movement
- protect structures such as brain and thorax
What is the medullary cavity?
- central region of long bone (inner center)
- often sites of blood cell and platelet formation
Compact bone
- present and the perimeter of long bones
- denser than spongy bone
- strong, rigid, and suitable for attachment of ligaments and tendons
- tends to be thickest near central shaft
What is diaphysis?
Shaft of long bones
What is epiphysis?
Ends of long bone
What is the metaphysis?
Neck portion of a long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis.
What are the two types of bone structure and what is the difference?
- spongy (cancellous or trabecular) has bone marrow matrix
- compact (cortical) is fully solid. Surrounds spongy bone
Describe what is osteoporosis, manifestations, how it is diagnosed, and treatment.
- aka “soft bones”
- density of cancellous bone is selectively decreased
- trabeculae become thin and sparse to the point where bones can break
- common areas of fracture are wrist, spine, hips, and shoulder
- diagnosed with bone density test
- post menopausal women are at greatest risk due to lack of estrogen
- treatment is calcium and vitamin d intake, physical activity, meds
Give two examples of long bones.
Humerus Phalanges
Give 2 examples of short bones. What is another name for short bones?
- Tarsus, carpals
- cuboidal
Give 4 examples of flat bones.
- sternum
- cranium
- scapula
- ilium
Give 2 examples of irregular bones.
- facial bones
- vertebrae
What kind of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid bone
What is the location and prevalence of the fabella?
- lateral head of gastrocnemius
- 10-30% of humans
What is heterotopic ossification?
- bone that forms in soft tissue
- thought to result from inflammation in muscle due to injury, activity, or disease
What is fibrodysplasia ossificans?
- when muscles and connective tissue convert to bone
- Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is rare disease that forms separate skeleton
- in equestrians or cyclists, bones may form in buttocks
- bone growths are called heterotopic
What are supernumerary bones?
- bones that arise from additional ossification centers
- may arise developmentally or pathologically
- in normal development, individual bones may arise from several adjacent ossification centers
- failure of all bones to coalesce may generate accessory bones
what are accessory bones?
- an atypical type of supernumerary bone
- relatively common in the foot
- arise from failure of all bones to coalesce
Where are Wormian bones located?
in the sutures of the skull
Describe sesamoid bones.
- develop in the tendon or muscle
- often associated with chronic stress
Bone markings can be either ___ or ___
- convex (projections, protuberances)
- concave (depressions, fossa)
Describe the importance of the shape of bone
- accommodate function
- accommodate articulations
- accommodate stress of attachments
- accommodate structures passing through bones
Name 2 projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment.
- tubercle
- tuberosity
What is a tuberosity?
large, rounded projection; may be roughened
What is a tubercle?
small, rounded projection or process.
What is a fossa?
- shallow, basin-like depression in a bone
- often serves as an articular surfaces
- may serve for passage of blood vessels and nerves
What is the difference between condyle and epicondyle?
- condyle is rounded articular projection
- epicondyle is protuberance adjacent to condyle
What is the difference between tubercle and tuberosity?
- tubercle is small, rounded projection
- tuberosity is large, coarse projection
What is the trochanter?
-large, blunt structure on femur
What is the malleolus?
rounded prominence on medial tibia and lateral fibula
What is a spike?
sharp, pointed, thorn-like projection
Distinguish a crest from a line.
- crest is a narrow ridge
- line is narrower than ridge
What projections are associated with long bones, and what do they look like?
- head (articulatory extremity)
- facet (smooth, flat articulatory surface)
What is a ramus?
a bridge
What are the six kind of bone depressions you can have?
- fossa
- fissure
- foramen
- meatus
- sinus
- sulca, groove, or furrow
What is a meatus?
canal or tube
What is a fossa?
shallow basin
What is a foramen?
- round or oval opening
- may be lined with mucous membranes
What is a fissure?
narrow, split-like opening
What is a sinus?
cavity within bone that is air-filled
jWhat is a sulcus, groove, or furrow?
shallow, linear opening
Where are osteocytes located in the bone matrix?
lacuna
