exam iii: ch3, 9, 12 Flashcards
systematic, subjective approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of the person in the situation
- Used to describe life experiences and give them meaning.
qualitative research
type of qualitative study - congruent with the study of experiences or phenomena; understand the human experience
- Philosophy: phenomenology
- Type of phenomena: lived experience
- Outcome: themes, exemplary, or rich description
- Bracketing: self-reflection to get rid of own bias when studying
phenomenology
type of qualitative study inductive (small → broad) emerged from sociology; explore underlying social processes thru symbols of language, religion, relationships, and clothing to describe deeper meaning of an event as theoretical framework
- Philosophy: social constructivism
- Type of phenomena: social process
- Outcome: theoretical explanation
-MOST FREQ IN QUALITATIVE
- When not enough is known about a topic
grounded theory
type of qualitative study: study how culture develop and are maintained over time; field work (beliefs and practices)
- Philosophy: anthropology
- Type of phenomena: culture
- Outcomes: values and ways of living in the culture
- Goal: describe the people being studied
- Field work: participant obs osccurs as the researcher is immersed in setting and interview informants
ethnography
what are the two approaches of field work?
emic approach and etic approach
participant observation occurs as the researcher is immersed in setting and interview informants
field work
type of field approach: studying of behaviors from within a culture
emic approach
type of field approach: view behaviors as a naive outsider and analyze elements as a researcher
etic approach
type of qualitative study - based on the idea that lessons can be learned from the past; focus on transmittin history of an event to learn from in
- Bigger focus on the description of the events or story being told
historical
type of qualitative study: non a specific type; conducted to provide info that will promote understanding of an experience from the perspective of the persons living the experience and solve a problem
- Philosophical orientation: pragmatism
- Type of phenomena: problems
- Outcome: understanding + practical solutions
- Goal: obtain info needed to dev or program or intervention for a specific group of patients
exploratory-descriptive
need to be clear and easily discussed by the study participants
- if more difficult topic = more people needed to achieve data saturation
nature of the topic
when data quality is high with rich content, few participants are needed to achieve saturation of data in the area of study
quality of the data
interview questions, open ended, not a yes or no
design phase
what type of data is in qualitative research
subjective
identified population to be studied; must meet specific criteria (ok to be small in qualitative studies)
- big sizes when questionnaires are sent out or trained people are distributed for interviews
sample
when does data saturation occur in qualitative research?
occurs when no new information, themes or discoveries are obtained after a reviewing the recording or transcript of an interview.
- Ongoing process
type of sampling - Researcher seeks participants because of their knowledge, experience, or views
- Conscious selection by the researcher
purposive sampling
type of sampling - Participants in the study suggesting other people to be considered for the study
- Study may start with purposive sampling
network/snowball sampling
type of sampling - Gathers information from any person or group who is able to provide relevant information regarding the topic
theoretical sampling
open-ended format of quotations to figure out the lived experience; researcher defines focus
interview
looking at what is going on , looking and listening carefully
observation
explicit discussion about decisions taken about the theoretical, methodological, and analytic choices throughout the study
decision trails
what are 4 types of descriptive analysis?
reflexive thought, bracketing, data reduction, coding
critically appraising the study for congruence with the philosophical perspective; appropriateness of the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; maintenance of an audit trail; and logic of the findings reported in the research report
rigor
A mechanism to determine if a study is rigorous and high quality. Careful design. (Elements similar to internal validity)
trustworthiness
what are the 4 parts of trustworthiness?
credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability
TRUTH/REALITY of findings
credibility
Documentation of steps taken and decisions made during qualitative analysis-Steps taken to prove correctness of data decisions (Audit Trail/Decision Trail)
dependability
ability to review the audit trail of a study and agree with the decisions that the researchers made; neutrality and reduction of bias
confirmability
findings applicable, important or useful to a similar group or practice setting
transferability
Critical analysis of primary qualitative studies into a new theory or framework on a topic of interest
meta-synthesis
synthesis of multiple primary qualitative studies to develop a description of current knowledge of an area of interest
meta-summary
the researcher must do this to put aside own bias to describe phenomena as reported by participants
bracket
what makes a qualitative study unique?
no hypothesis, just research question
no independent/dependent variables, just concepts to be investigated
lit research can be done at the end of the study to decrease potential bias
what determines total number of participants in qualitative study?
saturation, NOT power analysis
what is the closest thing to quantitative data collection in qualitative study?
demographic data
what is NOT the goal of qualitative research?
hypothesis testing
why are subjects referred to as participants?
Treated more like colleagues, researcher must have the support and confidence of participants to complete the study
why is participant protection important?
May illicit an emotional experience
Need to have necessary support on standby
what is the difference with data collection with qualitative vs quantitative
data collection in qualitative occurs concurrently rather than sequentially
how is data reduction accomplished?
Coding of data and analysis leads to theme ID and reduce vol of acquired data
