exam iii: ch3, 9, 12

Question 1

systematic, subjective approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of the person in the situation
- Used to describe life experiences and give them meaning.

Answer 1

qualitative research

Question 2

type of qualitative study - congruent with the study of experiences or phenomena; understand the human experience
- Philosophy: phenomenology
- Type of phenomena: lived experience
- Outcome: themes, exemplary, or rich description
- Bracketing: self-reflection to get rid of own bias when studying

Answer 2

phenomenology

Question 3

type of qualitative study inductive (small → broad) emerged from sociology; explore underlying social processes thru symbols of language, religion, relationships, and clothing to describe deeper meaning of an event as theoretical framework
- Philosophy: social constructivism
- Type of phenomena: social process
- Outcome: theoretical explanation
-MOST FREQ IN QUALITATIVE
- When not enough is known about a topic

Answer 3

grounded theory

Question 4

type of qualitative study: study how culture develop and are maintained over time; field work (beliefs and practices)
- Philosophy: anthropology
- Type of phenomena: culture
- Outcomes: values and ways of living in the culture
- Goal: describe the people being studied
- Field work: participant obs osccurs as the researcher is immersed in setting and interview informants

Answer 4

ethnography

Question 5

what are the two approaches of field work?

Answer 5

emic approach and etic approach

Question 6

participant observation occurs as the researcher is immersed in setting and interview informants

Answer 6

field work

Question 7

type of field approach: studying of behaviors from within a culture

Answer 7

emic approach

Question 8

type of field approach: view behaviors as a naive outsider and analyze elements as a researcher

Answer 8

etic approach

Question 9

type of qualitative study - based on the idea that lessons can be learned from the past; focus on transmittin history of an event to learn from in
- Bigger focus on the description of the events or story being told

Answer 9

historical

Question 10

type of qualitative study: non a specific type; conducted to provide info that will promote understanding of an experience from the perspective of the persons living the experience and solve a problem
- Philosophical orientation: pragmatism
- Type of phenomena: problems
- Outcome: understanding + practical solutions
- Goal: obtain info needed to dev or program or intervention for a specific group of patients

Answer 10

exploratory-descriptive

Question 11

need to be clear and easily discussed by the study participants
- if more difficult topic = more people needed to achieve data saturation

Answer 11

nature of the topic

Question 12

when data quality is high with rich content, few participants are needed to achieve saturation of data in the area of study

Answer 12

quality of the data

Question 13

interview questions, open ended, not a yes or no

Answer 13

design phase

Question 14

what type of data is in qualitative research

Answer 14

subjective

Question 15

identified population to be studied; must meet specific criteria (ok to be small in qualitative studies)
- big sizes when questionnaires are sent out or trained people are distributed for interviews

Answer 15

sample

Question 16

when does data saturation occur in qualitative research?

Answer 16

occurs when no new information, themes or discoveries are obtained after a reviewing the recording or transcript of an interview.
- Ongoing process

Question 17

type of sampling - Researcher seeks participants because of their knowledge, experience, or views
- Conscious selection by the researcher

Answer 17

purposive sampling

Question 18

type of sampling - Participants in the study suggesting other people to be considered for the study
- Study may start with purposive sampling

Answer 18

network/snowball sampling

Question 19

type of sampling - Gathers information from any person or group who is able to provide relevant information regarding the topic

Answer 19

theoretical sampling

Question 20

open-ended format of quotations to figure out the lived experience; researcher defines focus

Answer 20

interview

Question 21

looking at what is going on , looking and listening carefully

Answer 21

observation

Question 22

explicit discussion about decisions taken about the theoretical, methodological, and analytic choices throughout the study

Answer 22

decision trails

Question 23

what are 4 types of descriptive analysis?

Answer 23

reflexive thought, bracketing, data reduction, coding

Question 24

critically appraising the study for congruence with the philosophical perspective; appropriateness of the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; maintenance of an audit trail; and logic of the findings reported in the research report

Answer 24

rigor

Question 25

A mechanism to determine if a study is rigorous and high quality. Careful design. (Elements similar to internal validity)

Answer 25

trustworthiness

Question 26

what are the 4 parts of trustworthiness?

Answer 26

credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability

Question 27

TRUTH/REALITY of findings

Answer 27

credibility

Question 28

Documentation of steps taken and decisions made during qualitative analysis-Steps taken to prove correctness of data decisions (Audit Trail/Decision Trail)

Answer 28

dependability

Question 29

ability to review the audit trail of a study and agree with the decisions that the researchers made; neutrality and reduction of bias

Answer 29

confirmability

Question 30

findings applicable, important or useful to a similar group or practice setting

Answer 30

transferability

Question 31

Critical analysis of primary qualitative studies into a new theory or framework on a topic of interest

Answer 31

meta-synthesis

Question 32

synthesis of multiple primary qualitative studies to develop a description of current knowledge of an area of interest

Answer 32

meta-summary

Question 33

the researcher must do this to put aside own bias to describe phenomena as reported by participants

Answer 33

bracket

Question 34

what makes a qualitative study unique?

Answer 34

no hypothesis, just research question
no independent/dependent variables, just concepts to be investigated
lit research can be done at the end of the study to decrease potential bias

Question 35

what determines total number of participants in qualitative study?

Answer 35

saturation, NOT power analysis

Question 36

what is the closest thing to quantitative data collection in qualitative study?

Answer 36

demographic data

Question 37

what is NOT the goal of qualitative research?

Answer 37

hypothesis testing

Question 38

why are subjects referred to as participants?

Answer 38

Treated more like colleagues, researcher must have the support and confidence of participants to complete the study

Question 39

why is participant protection important?

Answer 39

May illicit an emotional experience
Need to have necessary support on standby

Question 40

what is the difference with data collection with qualitative vs quantitative

Answer 40

data collection in qualitative occurs concurrently rather than sequentially

Question 41

how is data reduction accomplished?

Answer 41

Coding of data and analysis leads to theme ID and reduce vol of acquired data