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nursing research > exam ii: ch9 > Flashcards

exam ii: ch9 Flashcards

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1
Q

defines the selected group of people or elements from which data are collected for a study

A

sample

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2
Q

an entire set of individuals or elements who meet the sampling criteria

A

target population

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3
Q

portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access

A

accessible population

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4
Q

individual units of the population and sample

A

elements

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5
Q

extending the findings from the sample under study to the larger population
- Influenced by quality and consistency of study

A

generalization

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6
Q

characteristics that the subject/element must possess to be part of the target population

A

inclusion criteria

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7
Q

characteristics that can cause a person/element to be excluded from the target population

A

exclusion criteria

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8
Q

as similar as possible to control for extraneous variables

A

homogenous sample

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9
Q

represents a broad range of values

A

heterogenous sample

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10
Q

the sample, accessible, and target populations are alike in as many ways as possible
- May be evaluated in terms of the setting, characteristics of the participants, number of participants in a study

A

representativeness

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11
Q

the difference between the population mean and the mean of the sample
- Want the mean to be as close as possible
- Probability of error increases when the sampling process is not random

A

sampling error

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12
Q

expected difference in values that occurs when different subjects from the same sample are examined

A

random variation

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13
Q

consequence of selecting subjects whose measurement values differ in some way from those of the population

A

systematic variation/systemic bias

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14
Q

% of subjects who declined to participate in the study

A

refusal rate

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15
Q

how to calculate refusal rate?

A

If 80 approached, 4 refused
4/80 = 0.05 x 100 = 5% refusal rate (good!)

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16
Q

% of subjects who consented to be in the study

A

acceptance rate

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17
Q

how to calculate acceptance rate?

A

80 approached and 76 accepted
76/80 = 0.95 x100 = 95% acceptance rate (good!)

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18
Q

withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study

A

sample attrition

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19
Q

how to calculate sample attrition?

A

of subjects withdrawing/number of subjects x 100

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20
Q

number of subjects who remain in and complete a study

A

sample retention

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21
Q

type of sampling that increases the representativeness of the sample based on the target population

A

random sampling

22
Q

what is the difference between control group vs comparison group?

A

control: used in studies with random sampling
comparison: not randomly determined

23
Q

a listing of every member of the population, using the sampling criteria to define membership in the population

A

sampling frame

24
Q

outlines strategies used to obtain sample for a study

A

sampling plan

25
Q

type of sampling in which each person/element in population has an opportunity to be selected for a sample (random sampling)

A

probability sampling plans

26
Q

type of sampling in which not every element of a population has the opportunity to be selected for study sample

A

nonprobability sampling plans

27
Q

type of probability sampling that is achieved by randomly selecting elements from the sampling frame

A

simple random sampling

28
Q

type of probability sampling that is used in situations in which the researcher knows some of the variables in the population that are critical for achieving representativeness.

A

stratified random sampling

29
Q

type of probability sampling in which a researcher develops a sampling frame that includes a list of all the states, cities, institutions, or clinicians with which elements of the identified population can be linked

A

cluster sampling

30
Q

type of probability sampling when an ordered list of all members of the population is available

A

systematic sampling

31
Q

simple random sampling, stratified random, cluster, systematic sampling

A

types of probability sampling

32
Q

type of nonprobability sampling; accidental sampling, inexpensive, accessible, usually less time consuming to obtain

A

convenience sampling

33
Q

type of nonprobability sampling that shares a similar technique to convenience BUT adds strategy to ensure the inclusion of participant types that are likely to be underrepresented in the convenience

A

quota sampling

34
Q

type of nonprobability sampling in which efforts are made to include typical/atypical subjects
- Based on researcher’s judgment

A

purposeful sampling

35
Q

type of nonprobability sampling that takes adv of social networks to get the sample
- One person in sample asks another to join, so on

A

network sampling (snowball sampling)

36
Q

type of nonprobability sampling that is used in grounded theory research; data are gathered from any individual/group that can provide relevant data for theory generation
- sample is saturated when data collection is complete (per researcher’s judgement)

A

theoretical sampling

37
Q

convenience, quota, purposeful, network, theoretical sampling

A

types of nonprobability sampling

38
Q

the ability of the study to detect differences or relationships that actually exist in the population

A

powr

39
Q

the ability to detect differences in the population or capacity to correctly reject a null hypothesis
- standard power =
- types of level of significance?

A

power analysis
- standard power = 8
- levels of significance (alpha 0.05, 0.01, 0.001)

40
Q

what is the most common power analysis/level of significance?

A

alpha = 0.05

41
Q

the presence of the phenomenon; extent to which null hypothesis is false
- Increased sample size = increase variability = increased effect size

A

effect size

42
Q

concept that asks if the tool used a reliable and valid measure of the variable

A

measurement sensitivity

43
Q

anova, t-test, chi-square

A

types of data analysis techniques

44
Q

explain the following research settings
- natural
- partially controlled
- highly controlled

A
  • natural: uncontrolled, real life situation/environment
  • partially controlled: an environment that is manipulated/modified in some way by the researcher
  • highly controlled: environmentally structured for the purpose of conductive research (lab)
45
Q

what is the difficulty with longitudinal studies?

A

subject attrition and maturation = can affect outcomes

46
Q

descriptive, correlational, and outcomes need _____ samples

A

large samples

47
Q

quasi and experimental need ____ samples
- and why?

A

smaller samples bc need higher control

48
Q

what is the weakest technique for data analysis?

A

chi square bc needs a large sample size to achieve acceptable levels of power

49
Q

as the # of categories increases, the sample size must _____

A

increase

50
Q

what type of sampling is mostly implemented in grounded theory research?

A

theoretical sampling

nursing research (16 decks)

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