exam ii: ch10 Flashcards
process where we assign #s using a set of rules
measurement
concrete objective things such as O2 sat, temp, weight
direct measures
abstract concepts such as pain, depression, coping, self-care, and self esteem
indirect measures
type of measurement: lowest level; categories that are different, mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories
- labeled and named categories
nominal
type of measurement: order/ranking imposed on categories; numbers MUST preserve order into categories which have a natural order/rank
ordinal
type of measurement: equal numerical distances between intervals; absence of a zero point
- ex: likert scales
interval
type of measurement: highest form of measurement; continuum of values, NEED to have absolute zero point
ratio
difference between the true measure + what is actually measured
measurement error
type of measurement error: variation in measurement is in the same direction/pattern
systematic error
type of measurement error: the difference is without pattern
random error
focuses on the consistency of a measurement method; determines measurement error in instrument/scale in study
reliability
explain the following reliability scores:
- 1.00
- 0.00
- 0.80
- 1.00: perfect reliability
- 0.00: no reliability
- 0.80: lowest acceptable coefficient for well dev measurement tool
stability, equivalence, internal consistency (homogeneity)
types of reliability
concerned with the consistency of repeated measures or test-retest reliability
stability
focused on comparing 2 ver of the same instrument (alt forms reliability) or two observers (interrator reliability) measuring the same event
equivalence
addresses the correlation of various items within the instrument/internal consistency;
- determined by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient
internal consistency
consistency in raters
interrator reliability
how to calculate interrator reliability?
% = number of behaviors performed/total number of behaviors
how well an instrument measures the abstract concept it was developed to measure
validity
proportion of patients with the condition/disease with positive test
sensitivity ratio
proportion of patients without the disease who have a negative result
specificity ratio
determine the likelihood that a positive result is a true positive (based off of sensitivity and specificity results)
likelihood ratio
type of measurement strat: quantify the level of functioning of the human being
physiological measurements
type of measurement strat: interaction between study participants and observer(s), has the opportunity to watch the participant perform in a specific setting
- usually in qualitative studies
observational measurement
type of measurement strat: verbal communication between the researcher and the study participant, during which info is provided to the researcher
interviews
type of measurement strat: self report form designed to elicit information through written, verbal, or electronic responses of the study participant
questionnaires
rating, likert, semantic differntial, visual analog
types of scales
addresses the extent to which the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure in a study
accuracy
degree of consistency or reproducibility of measurements made with physiological instruments
precision
explain the difference between semantic and likert scale?
semantic: circles to choose are not labeled, just in a spectrum of very satisfied to very dis-satisfied
what is an important rule with interval data?
there must be equal numerical distances between intervals
what is the lowest form of measurement?
nominal
what is the highest form of measurement
ratio
what is the benefit of measuring a concept with multiple methods?
decreases measurement error + increases understanding of the concept
what concepts are associated with reliability testing?
dependability, consistency, accuracy, and compatibility
what ratios are used to determine a gold standard?
sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio
