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Biology 11 > Exam – Genetic Processes > Flashcards

Exam – Genetic Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

Mitosis

  • PMAT
  • Asexual
  • Daughter cells have same # of chromosomes as parent cell
  • All cells came from a single cell at conception

Meiosis

  • PMAT I, II
    • Meiosis I–crossing over and random assortment occur, homologous pairs seperate
    • Meiosis II–sister chromatids seperate, is similar to mitosis
  • Sexual
  • Daughter cells have half the # of chromosomes as parent cell
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2
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromatin condense into chromatids and pair off into sister chromatids held by a centromere
  • In animal cells, centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
  • Spindle fibres attach to centrioles
  • Most plants don’t have centrioles but spindle fibres still form
  • Nuclear membrane fades and dissolves to allow for separation of the chromosomes and cell organelles
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3
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids move towards the middle of the cell/equatorial plate
  • Spindle fibres align the pairs into position
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4
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres divide
  • The sister chromatids pull apart and move to opposite poles of the cell
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5
Q

Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, begin to lengthen & relax
  • Spindle fibres dissolve
  • Nuclear membrane begins to form around each new mass of chromatin
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6
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Division of the cytoplasm
  • Two new daughter cells are now separate
  • In animal cells, a cleavage furrow formed
  • In plant cells a cell plate is formed between the two cells which becomes a cell plate later
  • Cells continue back into interphase
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7
Q

Prophase I

A
  • Chromatin condense into chromatids and pair off into sister chromatids held by a centromere
  • Homologous sister chromatids pair together
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
  • Spindle fibres attach to centrioles
  • Nuclear membrane fades and dissolves to allow for separation of the chromosomes and cell organelles
  • Crossing over occurs
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8
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Tetrads move towards the middle of the cell/equatorial plate
  • Spindle fibres align them into position
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9
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • Tetrads divide
  • The chromosomes pull apart and move to opposite poles of the cell
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10
Q

Telophase I & Cytokinesis I

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, begin to lengthen & relax
  • Spindle fibres dissolve
  • Nuclear membrane begins to form around each new mass of chromatin
  • Cytoplasm divides
  • 1 cell is now 2
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11
Q

Prophase II

A
  • Chromatin condense into chromatids and pair off into sister chromatids held by a centromere
  • In animal cells the centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
  • Spindle fibres attach to centrioles
  • Nuclear membrane fades and dissolves to allow for separation of the chromosomes and cell organelles
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12
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • Sister chromatids move towards the middle of the cell/equatorial plate
  • Spindle fibres align the pairs into position
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13
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • Centromeres divide
  • The sister chromatids pull apart and move to opposite poles of the cell
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14
Q

Telophase II & Cytokinesis II

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, begin to lengthen & relax
  • Spindle fibres dissolve
  • Nuclear membrane begins to form around each new mass of chromatin
  • Division of the cytoplasm
  • Cells are now separate
  • 4 cells total
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15
Q

Non-Disjunction Disorders

A

One pair of homologous chromosomes doesn’t separate during anaphase I

Result:

  • Half of the gametes have 1 chromosome too few
  • Other half have one chromosome too many
  • Nondisjunction occurs more often when the mother is pregnant over 35
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16
Q

Trisomy 21 / Down Syndrome

Autosomal

A

IAAFS

  • Intellectual disabilities
  • Abnormal pattern of palm creases
  • Almond-shaped eyes
  • Flattened face
  • Short
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17
Q

Trisomy 18 / Edward

Autosomal

A

IFEE

  • Intellectual and physical disabilities
  • Facial abnormalities
  • Extreme muscle tone
  • Early death
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18
Q

Trisomy 13 / Patau

Autosomal

A

IONE

  • Intellectual and physical disabilities
  • Wide variety of defects in organs
  • Large triangular nose
  • Early death
19
Q

XXY / Klinefelter

Sex chromosome

A
  • Sexual immaturity/sterility
  • Breast swelling
20
Q

XYY / Jacobs

Sex chromosome

A
  • No unusual symptoms
  • Maybe taller than average
21
Q

XXX / Triple X

Sex chromosome

A
  • Tall & thin
  • Menstural irregularity
22
Q

XO / Turner

Sex chromosome

A
  • Only 1 X chromosome
  • Short
  • Webbed neck
  • Sexually underdeveloped
23
Q

Karyotype Chart

A
  • A chart of an individual’s chromosomes
  • Longest to shortest
  • Sex chromosomes are seperate
  • X chromosome is long, Y is short
24
Q

Events That Contribute to Genetic Variability

A

Random(independent) Assortment

  • Maternal & paternal chromosomes line up randomly along the equator in metaphase I
  • 2ⁿ possibilities – 2²³= 8,388,608 possible gametes

Crossing Over

  • During prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis)
  • Maternal chromatids may exchange bits of DNA with paternal chromatids
25
Q

Genotype

A
  • Code that represents an allele/trait
  • Homozygous or Heterozygous
  • Dominant if it has a capital
  • Recessive if its both lowercase
  • EX. Aa
  • Ex. AaBb
26
Q

Hemizygous

A
  • Applies for sex-dependent traits
  • With X chromosome dependent traits, males cannot be homo or heterozygous since they only have one X chromosome
  • Hairy ears trait can be carried on Y, only appears in males
27
Q

Phenotype

A
  • Physical manefestation of an allele/trait
  • EX. 50% Tall, 50% Short
28
Q

Gene

A
29
Q

F1 and F2 Generations

A

F1 Generation:

  • The offspring of a cross of the P gen.

F2 Generation:

  • The offspring of a cross between the F1 gen.
  • Technically inbreeding
30
Q

Allele

A

A version/instance of a trait

31
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that has homologous chromosomes (pairs of chromosomes with the same alleles)

  • Chromosome count is 2n = 46

Mitosis

32
Q

Haploid

A
  • A cell that has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
  • Chromosome count is n = 23

Meiosis

33
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

The two traits mix like paint to form an average of the two.

  • EX. red flower and white flower making pink flower
34
Q

Co-dominance

A

The two traits are both fully expressed, and is also referred to as a ROAN. The child is speckled/spotted.

  • EX. an all brown cow and an all white cow make a speckled/spotted brown and white/roan cow.
35
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes in a pair, have same sequence of genes, but possibly different alleles

36
Q

Selective Breeding

A

Breeding plants and animals, usually for multiple generations, for desirable traits

37
Q

Somatic Cell vs Gametes

A

Gamete:

  • Sex cells
  • Meiosis
  • Haploid
  • 23 chromosomes
  • n = 23 chromosomes (not pairs)
  • Results in variation & diversity

Somatic

  • Body cells
  • Mitosis
  • Diploid
  • 23 chromosome pairs, 2 in each pair
  • 2n = 46 chromosomes (not pairs)
    • (complete set of pairs of chromosomes)
  • Every child is an exact copy of the parent
38
Q

Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

A
  • Sperm cells are smaller than egg cells, designed to move
  • Egg cells store lots of nutrients in cytoplasm for future division if fertilized
  • Males produce 4 sperm cells, females produce 1 egg cell (ovum) and 3 polar bodies (which degenerate)
  • Males can produce hundreds of millions of sperm daily
  • Females are born with all their eggs, stopped in prophase I. Meiosis II only if fertilized
39
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Macromolecule, made up of nucleotides. Arrangement of nucleotides determines traits

Each nucleotide is made of 3 parts:
1. A phosphate group
2. A sugar (deoxyribose)
3. A nitrogenous base ( Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thyamine)
A=T, C≡G - 2 or 3 hydrogen bonds

40
Q

Structure of Chromosomes

A

Genetic material/DNA in nucleus which is condensed, folded, and packaged with Histone Proteins. Packaged DNA structures called Chromosomes.

41
Q

Autosomes

A
  • Chromosomes responsible for traits in somatic (body) cells
  • Not involved in determining sex
42
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

An X or Y chromosome invovled in determining the sex of an organism

43
Q

Blood Type Genotypes

A

AB can’t donate to A or B, but can recieve any type.
O can donate to everyone, but can only recieve O

44
Q

Pedigree Chart & Legend

A

A pedigree chart is one which shows the inheritence patterns of traits in a family over many generations

Biology 11 (14 decks)

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