Chapter 1 & 2 Quiz Flashcards
1
Q
Species
A
A group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce viable and fertile offspring, naturally
2
Q
Morphological species concept
A
- Focuses on body shape, size, and other structural features
- Simple and most popular
3
Q
Biological species concept
A
- Focuses on similar characteristics and organisms’ ability to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring naturally
4
Q
Phylogenetic species concept
A
- Focuses on evolutionary relationships among organisms
- Can be applied to extinct species and considers DNA, but evolutionary history must be known
5
Q
Taxonomy
A
Branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species.
- Carolus Linnaeus is the “father” of taxonomy
6
Q
Binomial nomenclature
A
- First word is the Genus
- Second word is the species
- Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase
- Italicized when typed
- Underlined when hand-written
7
Q
Taxonomic ranks
A
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
8
Q
Taxon
A
Specific name for each rank assigned to a species
- ex. Eukarya is a taxon in the domain rank
9
Q
Unicellular organisms
A
Entire organism is one single cell
- ex. bacteria & protists
10
Q
Multicellular organisms
A
- Organism is made up of many cells
- Cells within organism have specialized functions
11
Q
Asexual reproduction
A
-A single parent organism reproducing by itself
12
Q
Sexual reproduction
A
- Two different organisms contribute genetic information
- Combo. of male and female sex cells
13
Q
Anabolism
A
The process of building up complex substances from simpler substances
- Building up cells and cellular components
- Photosynthesis
14
Q
Catabolism
A
The process of breaking down complex substances into simpler substances to release energy
- Digestion
- Cellular respiration
15
Q
Metabolism
A
The total of all chemical reactions in an organism. Anabolism + catabolism = metabolism
16
Q
Homeostasis
A
A stable state of conditions in the body that are necessary for life
- Body temp
- Blood pressure
- pH
- Water
17
Q
Heredity
A
- Genes carry hereditary info
- Genes are composed of DNA
- Mutations may change DNA code and may be passed down generations
18
Q
Responsiveness
A
Organisms react to stimuli like:
- Light
- Temp
- Odour
- Sound
- Gravity
- Water
- Pressure
19
Q
Development
A
A change in the physical or physiological make-up of an organism
20
Q
Adaptation
A
- Enables organisms to become better suited to their environments
- Obtained through evolution over lots of time
21
Q
Physiology
A
Deals with physical and chemical functions of organisms, and internal processes
22
Q
Structural diversity
A
Physical diversity among organisms from body morphology all the way to cell structure
23
Q
Prokaryote
A
A smaller, simpler type of cell without a membrane-bound nucleus
24
Q
Eukaryotic
A
A larger, complex type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus
25
Species diversity
The variety and abundance of species in a given area
26
Genetic diversity
The variety of inheritable characteristics in a population of interbreeding individuals
- Genetic diversity always greater within a species than within a population
- Provides resistance to diseases & environmental changes
27
Ecosystem diversity
The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere
28
3 types of evidence of relationships among species
1. Anatomical
- Morphology
- Anatomy
2. Physiological
- Physiology
- Proteins among different species can be used to infer similarity or difference
3. DNA evidence
- DNA sequences can be compared
- Most precise
29
Anatomy
The study of the structure of organisms
30
Kingdoms
Total of 6:
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
31
Heterotrophic
Consumes other organisms for energy & nutrients
32
Autotrophic
Converts sunlight into energy
33
Kingdom: Bacteria
Domain: Bacteria
Cell type: Prokaryote
Number of cells: Unicellular
Cell wall material: Peptidoglycan
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual
34
Kingdom: Archea
Domain: Archaea
Cell type: Prokaryote
Number of cells: Unicellular
Cell wall: Not peptidoglycan; occasionally no wall
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual
35
Kingdom: Protista
Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Uni & Multi
Cell wall: Cellulose, or no cell wall
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual & sexual
36
Kingdom: Plantae
Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Cell wall: Cellulose
Nutrition: Auto
Reproduction: Sexual
37
Kingdom: Fungi
Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Cell wall: Cellulose, occasionally no wall
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual & Sexual
38
Kingdom: Animalia
Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Cell wall: No wall
Nutrition: Hetero
Reproduction: Sexual
39
Ecosystem services
- Benefits experiences by organisms which are provided by sustainable ecosystems
- ex. pollination, food production, & raw materials
40
Viruses
A structure that contains strands of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat, and depends on a host cell to reproduce
41
Classifying viruses
- NOT classified in any of the 3 domains of classification
- Classified based on size, shape of capsid, and type of disease caused
42
Capsid
The outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus
43
Viruses with RNA
- Called retroviruses
- ex. COVID, flu, HIV
44
Viruses with DNA
- Chicken pox
- Mononucleosis
- Hepatitis
45
Virus reproduction
- Lytic cycle – the virus uses the host cell to make use viruses
OR
- Lysogenic cycle – the virus DNA enters the cells chromosome; may remain dormant and then later instruct host cell to make more viruses
46
Lytic cycle
1. Attachment
2. Injection/entry
3. Replication
4. Asssembly
5. Release (lysis/breaking open)
47
Lysogenic cycle
1. Attachment
2. Injection/entry
3. Integration into the host cell’s DNA
4. Dormancy/normal cell function
5. Triggering of viral DNA to be released, then lytic cycle
48
Prions
- Infections proteins that cause damage to nerve cells in the brain
- Not affected by radiation therapy
- No RNA/DNA to degrade
49
Vectors
- Things that carry viruses from one host to another
- Insects
- Animals
- Water
- Air
- Humans
50
Shapes of bacteria & archea
51
Groups of bacteria & archea
52
Archea properties
- Unique metabolic process called methanogensis
- Extremophiles (live in extreme environments)
53
Where is bacteria found
In less extreme environments, making them mesophiles
54
Bacteria & archea movement
- Flagellum – tails whips around
- Cilia – small hairs used to swim
- Non-motile – don’t move
55
Binary fission
- Asexual form of reproduction used by most prokaryotes (including bacteria & archea)
- Cell divides into genetically identical cells
56
Conjugation
- In less favourable conditions, bacteria & archea exchange DNA by conjugation
- Produces cells with new genetic combinations, allows them to better adapt to harsh conditions
- ex. when bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics
57
Endospores
- Hard walled structures that allow bacteria cells to survive for long period in extreme conditions
- Not found in any archea
58
Gram stain
- Method used to classify bacteria & archea
- Gram positive: stains PURPLE due to thick protein layer on cell wall
- Gram negative: stains PINK due to thin protein layer on cell wall
59
Symbiosis
Close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits from the other FOR LIFE
60
Bacteria & human health
Bacteria do not directly intend to cause food spoilage or disease, these are byproducts of their normal life functions
ex.
- e. coli
- scarlett fever
- food poisoning
61
Endosymbiosis
Theory of how eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotic cells
- One cell engulfs another cell, engulfed cell survives, becomes an organelle
- ex. chloroplast & mitochondria
62
Protists
- Unicellular
- 3 types:
- Animal–like
- Fungus–like
- Plant–like
63
Animal-like protists
- Called protozoans
- Heterotrophic
- Many species of them are parasites
- ex. Giardia which causes diarrhea & stomach pain
64
Cercozoans
- Change shape with temp. extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopods
65
Ciliates
- Many have short, hair-like projections called cilia that cover the surface
- Used to move & sweep food along the cell surface
66
Flagellates
- Have one or more flagella that whip from side to side to move
- Hard, protective converting over their outer membrane
67
Sporozoans
- Parasites whose life cycles alternate between sexual & asexual reproduction
- ex. genus plasmodium – causes malaria
68
Fungus-like protists
- All heterotrophs, but they absorb raw nutrients
- Produce spores
- Are all slime moulds
69
Cercozoans
- Change shape with temp. extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopods
70
Plant-like protists
- Contain pigment in their chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
71
Euglenoids
- Over 100 different species, most of which are found in shallow, fresh water
72
Dinoflagellates
- AKA phytoplankton
- Have two flagella at right angles from each other
- Produce algal bloom/red tide
73
Diatoms
- AKA phytoplankton
- Most diverse and abundant food source for marine organisms
- rigid cell wall with an outer layer of silica
74
Capsid
The outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus
