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Biology 11 > Chapter 1 & 2 Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce viable and fertile offspring, naturally

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2
Q

Morphological species concept

A
  • Focuses on body shape, size, and other structural features
  • Simple and most popular
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3
Q

Biological species concept

A
  • Focuses on similar characteristics and organisms’ ability to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring naturally
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4
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A
  • Focuses on evolutionary relationships among organisms
  • Can be applied to extinct species and considers DNA, but evolutionary history must be known
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5
Q

Taxonomy

A

Branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species.
- Carolus Linnaeus is the “father” of taxonomy

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6
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A
  • First word is the Genus
  • Second word is the species
  • Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase
  • Italicized when typed
  • Underlined when hand-written
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7
Q

Taxonomic ranks

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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8
Q

Taxon

A

Specific name for each rank assigned to a species
- ex. Eukarya is a taxon in the domain rank

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9
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Entire organism is one single cell
- ex. bacteria & protists

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10
Q

Multicellular organisms

A
  • Organism is made up of many cells
  • Cells within organism have specialized functions
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11
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

-A single parent organism reproducing by itself

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12
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • Two different organisms contribute genetic information
  • Combo. of male and female sex cells
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13
Q

Anabolism

A

The process of building up complex substances from simpler substances
- Building up cells and cellular components
- Photosynthesis

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14
Q

Catabolism

A

The process of breaking down complex substances into simpler substances to release energy
- Digestion
- Cellular respiration

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

The total of all chemical reactions in an organism. Anabolism + catabolism = metabolism

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

A stable state of conditions in the body that are necessary for life
- Body temp
- Blood pressure
- pH
- Water

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17
Q

Heredity

A
  • Genes carry hereditary info
  • Genes are composed of DNA
  • Mutations may change DNA code and may be passed down generations
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18
Q

Responsiveness

A

Organisms react to stimuli like:
- Light
- Temp
- Odour
- Sound
- Gravity
- Water
- Pressure

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19
Q

Development

A

A change in the physical or physiological make-up of an organism

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20
Q

Adaptation

A
  • Enables organisms to become better suited to their environments
  • Obtained through evolution over lots of time
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21
Q

Physiology

A

Deals with physical and chemical functions of organisms, and internal processes

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22
Q

Structural diversity

A

Physical diversity among organisms from body morphology all the way to cell structure

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23
Q

Prokaryote

A

A smaller, simpler type of cell without a membrane-bound nucleus

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24
Q

Eukaryotic

A

A larger, complex type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus

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25
Q

Species diversity

A

The variety and abundance of species in a given area

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26
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variety of inheritable characteristics in a population of interbreeding individuals
- Genetic diversity always greater within a species than within a population
- Provides resistance to diseases & environmental changes

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27
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere

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28
Q

3 types of evidence of relationships among species

A
  1. Anatomical
    • Morphology
    • Anatomy
  2. Physiological
    • Physiology
    • Proteins among different species can be used to infer similarity or difference
  3. DNA evidence
    • DNA sequences can be compared
    • Most precise
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29
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of organisms

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30
Q

Kingdoms

A

Total of 6:
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia

31
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Consumes other organisms for energy & nutrients

32
Q

Autotrophic

A

Converts sunlight into energy

33
Q

Kingdom: Bacteria

A

Domain: Bacteria
Cell type: Prokaryote
Number of cells: Unicellular
Cell wall material: Peptidoglycan
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual

34
Q

Kingdom: Archea

A

Domain: Archaea
Cell type: Prokaryote
Number of cells: Unicellular
Cell wall: Not peptidoglycan; occasionally no wall
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual

35
Q

Kingdom: Protista

A

Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Uni & Multi
Cell wall: Cellulose, or no cell wall
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual & sexual

36
Q

Kingdom: Plantae

A

Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Cell wall: Cellulose
Nutrition: Auto
Reproduction: Sexual

37
Q

Kingdom: Fungi

A

Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Cell wall: Cellulose, occasionally no wall
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual & Sexual

38
Q

Kingdom: Animalia

A

Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Cell wall: No wall
Nutrition: Hetero
Reproduction: Sexual

39
Q

Ecosystem services

A
  • Benefits experiences by organisms which are provided by sustainable ecosystems
  • ex. pollination, food production, & raw materials
40
Q

Viruses

A

A structure that contains strands of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat, and depends on a host cell to reproduce

41
Q

Classifying viruses

A
  • NOT classified in any of the 3 domains of classification
  • Classified based on size, shape of capsid, and type of disease caused
42
Q

Capsid

A

The outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus

43
Q

Viruses with RNA

A
  • Called retroviruses
  • ex. COVID, flu, HIV
44
Q

Viruses with DNA

A
  • Chicken pox
  • Mononucleosis
  • Hepatitis
45
Q

Virus reproduction

A
  • Lytic cycle – the virus uses the host cell to make use viruses
    OR
  • Lysogenic cycle – the virus DNA enters the cells chromosome; may remain dormant and then later instruct host cell to make more viruses
46
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Injection/entry
  3. Replication
  4. Asssembly
  5. Release (lysis/breaking open)
47
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Injection/entry
  3. Integration into the host cell’s DNA
  4. Dormancy/normal cell function
  5. Triggering of viral DNA to be released, then lytic cycle
48
Q

Prions

A
  • Infections proteins that cause damage to nerve cells in the brain
  • Not affected by radiation therapy
    • No RNA/DNA to degrade
49
Q

Vectors

A
  • Things that carry viruses from one host to another
    • Insects
    • Animals
    • Water
    • Air
    • Humans
50
Q

Shapes of bacteria & archea

A
51
Q

Groups of bacteria & archea

A
52
Q

Archea properties

A
  • Unique metabolic process called methanogensis
  • Extremophiles (live in extreme environments)
53
Q

Where is bacteria found

A

In less extreme environments, making them mesophiles

54
Q

Bacteria & archea movement

A
  • Flagellum – tails whips around
  • Cilia – small hairs used to swim
  • Non-motile – don’t move
55
Q

Binary fission

A
  • Asexual form of reproduction used by most prokaryotes (including bacteria & archea)
  • Cell divides into genetically identical cells
56
Q

Conjugation

A
  • In less favourable conditions, bacteria & archea exchange DNA by conjugation
  • Produces cells with new genetic combinations, allows them to better adapt to harsh conditions
  • ex. when bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics
57
Q

Endospores

A
  • Hard walled structures that allow bacteria cells to survive for long period in extreme conditions
  • Not found in any archea
58
Q

Gram stain

A
  • Method used to classify bacteria & archea
  • Gram positive: stains PURPLE due to thick protein layer on cell wall
  • Gram negative: stains PINK due to thin protein layer on cell wall
59
Q

Symbiosis

A

Close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits from the other FOR LIFE

60
Q

Bacteria & human health

A

Bacteria do not directly intend to cause food spoilage or disease, these are byproducts of their normal life functions
ex.
- e. coli
- scarlett fever
- food poisoning

61
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Theory of how eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotic cells
- One cell engulfs another cell, engulfed cell survives, becomes an organelle
- ex. chloroplast & mitochondria

62
Q

Protists

A
  • Unicellular
  • 3 types:
    • Animal–like
    • Fungus–like
    • Plant–like
63
Q

Animal-like protists

A
  • Called protozoans
  • Heterotrophic
  • Many species of them are parasites
    • ex. Giardia which causes diarrhea & stomach pain
64
Q

Cercozoans

A
  • Change shape with temp. extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopods
65
Q

Ciliates

A
  • Many have short, hair-like projections called cilia that cover the surface
    • Used to move & sweep food along the cell surface
66
Q

Flagellates

A
  • Have one or more flagella that whip from side to side to move
  • Hard, protective converting over their outer membrane
67
Q

Sporozoans

A
  • Parasites whose life cycles alternate between sexual & asexual reproduction
  • ex. genus plasmodium – causes malaria
68
Q

Fungus-like protists

A
  • All heterotrophs, but they absorb raw nutrients
  • Produce spores
  • Are all slime moulds
69
Q

Cercozoans

A
  • Change shape with temp. extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopods
70
Q

Plant-like protists

A
  • Contain pigment in their chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
71
Q

Euglenoids

A
  • Over 100 different species, most of which are found in shallow, fresh water
72
Q

Dinoflagellates

A
  • AKA phytoplankton
  • Have two flagella at right angles from each other
  • Produce algal bloom/red tide
73
Q

Diatoms

A
  • AKA phytoplankton
  • Most diverse and abundant food source for marine organisms
  • rigid cell wall with an outer layer of silica
74
Q

Capsid

A

The outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus

Biology 11 (14 decks)

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