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Biology 11 > Exam – Evolution > Flashcards

Exam – Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientists and Their Contributions to Evolution

A

George-Louis Leclerc
- Challenged the idea that life never changed, introduced first concepts of evolution

George Culver
- Catastrophism
- Thought that the earth had many catastrophes which killed lots of species, often on the edges of rock boundaries (tectonic plates)

Charles Lyell
- Uniformatism
- Said that geological process have always been happening at the same, very slow rate.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
- Inheritance
- Said that organisms adapt to the env. over time, but thought that aquired traits were passed down
- EX. Parent with burned hand scar would have child with scar too

Darwin & Wallace
- Evolution through natural selection

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

Change that happens over many generations; surviving individuals pass their traits on to offspring

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3
Q

Selective Pressures

A

Env. conditions that select for certain traits and not others

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4
Q

Mimicry

A

A harmless species evolving to look like a harmful one to scare off predators

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5
Q

Species Variations

A

Structural, functional, or physiological differences between organisms

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6
Q

Evidence of Evolution

A

Paleontology
- Fossils; remains of an organism or evidence of its presence

Comparitive Anatomy
- Looking for structures that are similar between species

Embryology
- Similarites in embryo development between organims

Comparitive Biochem.
- Comparing DNA & amino acid base sequcences between organisms

Geographical Distribution
- Natural geographic distrubution of species on the earth

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7
Q

Paleontology

A
  • Study of fossils & their age
  • FOSSILS – Remains of an organism or evidence of its presence
  • The deeper the fossil, the older
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8
Q

Behavioral Isolating Mechanism

PRE ZYGOTIC

A
  • Behavior or routine that stops a species from breeding
  • EX. Bird species having different mating calls
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9
Q

Habitat Isolating Mechanism

PRE ZYGOTIC

A
  • When two species live in different habitats in the same general area
  • Physically blocked from interacting
  • EX. Fish and land bugs
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10
Q

Temporal Isolating Mechanism

PRE ZYGOTIC

A
  • When species mate at different times or parts of the year, limiting interaction
  • EX. tulips bloom in spring, roses bloom in mid summer
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11
Q

Mechanism Isolating Mechanism

PRE ZYGOTIC

A
  • Closely related species who’s genital anatomy are phycially incompatible
  • Common in insects
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12
Q

Gametic Isolating Mechanism

PRE ZYGOTIC

A
  • Gamete is not able to survive in the harsh env. of the female’s reproductive tract
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13
Q

Hybrid Inviability

POST ZYGOTIC

A
  • Genetic info is not compatible within the species
  • Zygote is not able to undergo mitosis
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14
Q

Hybrid Sterility

POST ZYGOTIC

A
  • When two species can mate & produce viable offspring
  • Offspring are sterile, cannot do meiosis
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15
Q

Hybrid Breakdown

POST ZYGOTIC

A
  • Two organisms are able to mate and produce viable & fertile offspring
  • When hybrid offspring mate, their offspring are sterile & weak
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16
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A
  • Natural selection that favours average pheotypes, doesn’t like extreme variations
  • Reduces variaiton, improves adaptation of population to aspects of env. that remain constant

ex. bird egg size & number laid

17
Q

Directional Selection

A
  • Natural selection that favours phenotypes of one extreme over the other, or the average.
  • Common during changes of the living env.

ex. more peppered moths being black during the industrial revolution due to soot, becoming white more often after anti-pollution laws

18
Q

Disruptive Selection

A
  • Natural selection that favours the extremes of a range of phenotypes rather than the average.
  • No more average. Either extremely A trait or extremely B trait

ex. squirrels with long tails for balance, also ones with short tails to avoid being caught by predators

19
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Selective pressure made by humans which force a population to change to different traits (usually on purpose)

20
Q

Sexual Selection

A

When females in a species choose the most fit male (to make good offspring)

21
Q

Non-random Mating

A

Mating where individuals are more likely to mate with individuals with certain genotypes/phenotypes

  • Can cause inbreeding
22
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Body parts in species that have the same evolutionary origin, but serve different purposes

23
Q

Analagous Structures

A

Different structures that have a common purpose in unrelated species

24
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

A structure that is a reduced version of one that was functional in previous generations

25
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of alleles from one population to another b/c of migration

ex. a grey wolf going really far in search of a mate and brining his fur color over to a different color of wolves

26
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Change in distribution of alleles in a population due to a chance event

Founder Effect

  • new population formed by a few individuals with limited diversity

Bottleneck Effect

  • changes in gene distribution due to rapid decrease in population size
27
Q

Mutations

A

Random change in genetic material of an organism, causing genetic variation

28
Q

Gene Pool

A

All of the genes of all of the individuals in a population

29
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species in a specific area, at a specic time

30
Q

Species

A

A group of organism that can interbreed in nature, producing fertile offspring

31
Q

Allele Frequency

A

The number of copies of an allele compared to the total number of alleles in a population

32
Q

Microevolution

A

Occurs when the frequency of alleles changes

Biology 11 (14 decks)

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