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Biology 11 > Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Unit Test > Flashcards

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Unit Test Flashcards

1
Q

Open circulatory system

A
  • vessels open into the animal’s body cavity
  • hemolymph is a fluid mix of blood and interstitial fluid
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2
Q

Closed circulatory system

A
  • circulating fluid is contained within vessels and kept separate from interstitial fluid and follows a fixed path
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3
Q

Blood composition

A
  • humans have ~5 litres of blood
  • 55% plasma
  • 45% red blood cells
  • 1% white blood cells
  • 1% platelets
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4
Q

Arteries

A
  • move blood AWAY from heart
  • elastic, thick walls
  • appear red
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5
Q

Veins

A
  • carry blood back TO the heart
  • thinner walls
  • valves
  • appear blue
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6
Q

Capillaries

A
  • site of gas exchange
  • wall is a single layer of cells for diffusion
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7
Q

Arterioles

A
  • act as a connector/transition between arteries and capillaries
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8
Q

Venules

A
  • act as a connector/transition between veins and capillaries
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9
Q

Blood flow in the veins vs arteries

A

Arteries
- carry blood away from heart
- wider than veins
- higher pressure
- thicker walls
- do not contain valves
- arteries are more elastic

Veins
- carry blood to heart
- smaller
- lower pressure than arteries
- have valves
- thinner walls

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10
Q

Arteries and veins associated with the lungs

A
  • left pulmonary arteries
  • left pulmonary veins
  • right pulmonary arteries
  • right pulmonary veins
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11
Q

Arteries and veins associated with the body

A
  • superior vena cava (vein)
  • inferior vena cava (vein)
  • aorta (artery)
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12
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • from heart to lungs, then back to heart
  • pulmonary arteries and veins
  • involved in it is:
    • blood comes from superior vena cava
    • through right atrium
    • through tricuspid valve
    • through right ventricle
    • through pulmonary valve
    • into pulmonary trunk
    • into left and right pulmonary arteries
      OR
    • blood with o2, from lungs, follows systemic circulation.
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13
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • from heart to body to heart
    • left and right pulmonary veins
    • left atrium
    • mitral valve
    • left ventricle
    • aortic valve
    • into aorta
  • OR
    • blood from body without o2 follows pulmonary circulation
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14
Q

Heart diagram

A
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15
Q

SA (sinoatrial) node

A
  • makes the heart beat
  • patch of specialized self-spontaneous cardiac muscle, located in the wall of the right atrium
  • sets the rhythm of the heart
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16
Q

AV (atrioventricular) node

A
  • passes along the signal to contract to the ventricles from the SAV node.
17
Q

Systole vs diastole

A

Systole
- Contraction or pumping phase
- atrial & ventricular systole

Diastole
- Relaxation or filling phase
- atrial & ventricular disatole

18
Q

Systolic pressure

A
  • pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
  • is the highest pressure in the arteries
  • avg. <120 mmHg
19
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A
  • pressure in the arteries during diastole
  • lower than systolic pressure
  • avg. < 80 mmHg
20
Q

Blood Pressure

A
  • the force that blood exerts against the inner wall of a vessel
    - shown as a fraction, systolic / diastolic
21
Q

Arrhythmia

A
  • irregularity in the speed or rhythm of heartbeat
  • could be harmless, may lead to insufficient blood flow
  • symp. palpitations, feeling dizzy, fainting and being short of breath
  • treated with meds or a pacemaker
22
Q

Aneurism

A
  • bulge in an artery or heart chamber; most common in aorta
    • caused by weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall
  • blood pressure causes it to grow
  • bursting causes internal bleeding; leads to death
  • treatment involves removing damaged portion of blood vessel, replacing it with a synthetic material
23
Q

Angioplasty

A
  • opens a clogged artery
  • surgeon inserts a tube with a balloon into a clogged artery, widening the opening and allowing blood to flow again
  • sometimes a mesh stent is used to keep the artery open
24
Q

Angiography

A
  • maps out coronary arteries
  • injects a dye into artery
  • x-rays are taken while it moves
  • helps to find blockages
25
Q

Breathing

A
  • first stage in human respiration, involves two basic processes:
    • inspiration
      • rib cage moves up and out
      • diaphragm contracts and moves down
      • pressure in lungs decreases
    • expiration
      • rib cage moves down and in
      • diaphragm relaxes and moves up
      • pressure in lungs increases, air is pushed out
26
Q

Internal respiration

A
  • third stage in human respiration
  • oxygen moves from blood to cells
27
Q

External respiration

A
  • aka. gas exchange
  • oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream
  • second stage in human respiration
28
Q

Cellular respiration

A
  • release of energy (ATP) from glucose using oxygen
    • ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
  • fourth stage
29
Q

Respiratory system diagram

A
30
Q

Journey of air

A
  • enters through nostrils
  • inside nasal passages, air is warmed, moistened, & cleaned of dust
  • mucus moistens the air and traps particles of dust, bacteria, foreign matter
  • cilia in nasal passage that trap particles
  • air passes through the pharynx and into the trachea via the epiglottis
  • into bronchi, split off
  • into bronchioles
  • into alveoli where gas exchange occurs

opposite when breathing out

31
Q

Larynx

A
  • aka. voice box
  • between the epiglottis and trachea
  • cartilage which produces sounds using two folds of membranes (vocal cords)
32
Q

Gas exchange in alveoli & in cells

A
  • in both, the o2 is coming in/diffusing in, and co2 diffuses out.
33
Q

Cell respiration formula

A
34
Q

Gas transportation in blood

A
  • O2 is carried by hemoglobin (iron-containing protein found in RBC)
  • CO2 is mostly dissolved in blood fluids, however, some is carried by hemoglobin
35
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • bronchi become red, inflamed, and filled with mucus, which is expelled via coughing
  • ACUTE: short term form caused by a bacterial infection, treated with antibiotics
  • CHRONIC: long-term form caused by regular exposure to concentrations of airborne irritants (ex. cigs)
  • destroys cilia in bronchi, causing a cycle of worsening symptoms
36
Q

Emphysema

A
  • chronic; causes the walls of the alveoli to lose elasticity
  • reduces respiratory surface for gas exchange; O2 shortage results
  • breathing becomes difficult
  • treated with an inhaler or low flow O2 tank
  • caused by airborne irritants
37
Q

Lung cancer

A
  • uncontrolled cell growth & division in lungs
  • CARCINOMA: tumour made of rapidly multiplying cells, grows up to 8cm
  • can spread to other parts of the body & lung
  • difficult to detect and treat
  • coughing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and loss of appetite
  • x-rays dont show until tumours are large & starting to spread
  • 80% die within 5 years of diag.
  • caused by airborne irritants and radiation

Biology 11 (14 decks)

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