Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Unit Test

Question 1

Open circulatory system

Answer 1

• vessels open into the animal’s body cavity
• hemolymph is a fluid mix of blood and interstitial fluid

Question 2

Closed circulatory system

Answer 2

• circulating fluid is contained within vessels and kept separate from interstitial fluid and follows a fixed path

Question 3

Blood composition

Answer 3

• humans have ~5 litres of blood
• 55% plasma
• 45% red blood cells
• 1% white blood cells
• 1% platelets

Question 4

Arteries

Answer 4

• move blood AWAY from heart
• elastic, thick walls
• appear red

Question 5

Veins

Answer 5

• carry blood back TO the heart
• thinner walls
• valves
• appear blue

Question 6

Capillaries

Answer 6

• site of gas exchange
• wall is a single layer of cells for diffusion

Question 7

Arterioles

Answer 7

• act as a connector/transition between arteries and capillaries

Question 8

Venules

Answer 8

• act as a connector/transition between veins and capillaries

Question 9

Blood flow in the veins vs arteries

Answer 9

Arteries
- carry blood away from heart
- wider than veins
- higher pressure
- thicker walls
- do not contain valves
- arteries are more elastic

Veins
- carry blood to heart
- smaller
- lower pressure than arteries
- have valves
- thinner walls

Question 10

Arteries and veins associated with the lungs

Answer 10

• left pulmonary arteries
• left pulmonary veins
• right pulmonary arteries
• right pulmonary veins

Question 11

Arteries and veins associated with the body

Answer 11

• superior vena cava (vein)
• inferior vena cava (vein)
• aorta (artery)

Question 12

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 12

• from heart to lungs, then back to heart
• pulmonary arteries and veins
• involved in it is:
  
  • blood comes from superior vena cava
  • through right atrium
  • through tricuspid valve
  • through right ventricle
  • through pulmonary valve
  • into pulmonary trunk
  • into left and right pulmonary arteries
    OR
  • blood with o2, from lungs, follows systemic circulation.

Question 13

Systemic circulation

Answer 13

• from heart to body to heart
  
  • left and right pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • mitral valve
  • left ventricle
  • aortic valve
  • into aorta
• OR
  
  • blood from body without o2 follows pulmonary circulation

Question 14

Heart diagram

Answer 14

Question 15

SA (sinoatrial) node

Answer 15

• makes the heart beat
• patch of specialized self-spontaneous cardiac muscle, located in the wall of the right atrium
• sets the rhythm of the heart

Question 16

AV (atrioventricular) node

Answer 16

• passes along the signal to contract to the ventricles from the SAV node.

Question 17

Systole vs diastole

Answer 17

Systole
- Contraction or pumping phase
- atrial & ventricular systole

Diastole
- Relaxation or filling phase
- atrial & ventricular disatole

Question 18

Systolic pressure

Answer 18

• pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
• is the highest pressure in the arteries
• avg. <120 mmHg

Question 19

Diastolic Pressure

Answer 19

• pressure in the arteries during diastole
• lower than systolic pressure
• avg. < 80 mmHg

Question 20

Blood Pressure

Answer 20

• the force that blood exerts against the inner wall of a vessel
  - shown as a fraction, systolic / diastolic

Question 21

Arrhythmia

Answer 21

• irregularity in the speed or rhythm of heartbeat
• could be harmless, may lead to insufficient blood flow
• symp. palpitations, feeling dizzy, fainting and being short of breath
• treated with meds or a pacemaker

Question 22

Aneurism

Answer 22

• bulge in an artery or heart chamber; most common in aorta
  
  • caused by weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall
• blood pressure causes it to grow
• bursting causes internal bleeding; leads to death
• treatment involves removing damaged portion of blood vessel, replacing it with a synthetic material

Question 23

Angioplasty

Answer 23

• opens a clogged artery
• surgeon inserts a tube with a balloon into a clogged artery, widening the opening and allowing blood to flow again
• sometimes a mesh stent is used to keep the artery open

Question 24

Angiography

Answer 24

• maps out coronary arteries
• injects a dye into artery
• x-rays are taken while it moves
• helps to find blockages

Question 25

Breathing

Answer 25

• first stage in human respiration, involves two basic processes:
  
  • inspiration
    
    • rib cage moves up and out
    • diaphragm contracts and moves down
    • pressure in lungs decreases
  • expiration
    
    • rib cage moves down and in
    • diaphragm relaxes and moves up
    • pressure in lungs increases, air is pushed out

Question 26

Internal respiration

Answer 26

• third stage in human respiration
• oxygen moves from blood to cells

Question 27

External respiration

Answer 27

• aka. gas exchange
• oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream
• second stage in human respiration

Question 28

Cellular respiration

Answer 28

• release of energy (ATP) from glucose using oxygen
  
  • ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
• fourth stage

Question 29

Respiratory system diagram

Answer 29

Question 30

Journey of air

Answer 30

• enters through nostrils
• inside nasal passages, air is warmed, moistened, & cleaned of dust
• mucus moistens the air and traps particles of dust, bacteria, foreign matter
• cilia in nasal passage that trap particles
• air passes through the pharynx and into the trachea via the epiglottis
• into bronchi, split off
• into bronchioles
• into alveoli where gas exchange occurs

opposite when breathing out

Question 31

Larynx

Answer 31

• aka. voice box
• between the epiglottis and trachea
• cartilage which produces sounds using two folds of membranes (vocal cords)

Question 32

Gas exchange in alveoli & in cells

Answer 32

• in both, the o2 is coming in/diffusing in, and co2 diffuses out.

Question 33

Cell respiration formula

Answer 33

Question 34

Gas transportation in blood

Answer 34

• O2 is carried by hemoglobin (iron-containing protein found in RBC)
• CO2 is mostly dissolved in blood fluids, however, some is carried by hemoglobin

Question 35

Bronchitis

Answer 35

• bronchi become red, inflamed, and filled with mucus, which is expelled via coughing
• ACUTE: short term form caused by a bacterial infection, treated with antibiotics
• CHRONIC: long-term form caused by regular exposure to concentrations of airborne irritants (ex. cigs)
• destroys cilia in bronchi, causing a cycle of worsening symptoms

Question 36

Emphysema

Answer 36

• chronic; causes the walls of the alveoli to lose elasticity
• reduces respiratory surface for gas exchange; O2 shortage results
• breathing becomes difficult
• treated with an inhaler or low flow O2 tank
• caused by airborne irritants

Question 37

Lung cancer

Answer 37

• uncontrolled cell growth & division in lungs
• CARCINOMA: tumour made of rapidly multiplying cells, grows up to 8cm
• can spread to other parts of the body & lung
• difficult to detect and treat
• coughing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and loss of appetite
• x-rays dont show until tumours are large & starting to spread
• 80% die within 5 years of diag.
• caused by airborne irritants and radiation