Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Unit Test Flashcards
1
Q
Open circulatory system
A
- vessels open into the animal’s body cavity
- hemolymph is a fluid mix of blood and interstitial fluid
2
Q
Closed circulatory system
A
- circulating fluid is contained within vessels and kept separate from interstitial fluid and follows a fixed path
3
Q
Blood composition
A
- humans have ~5 litres of blood
- 55% plasma
- 45% red blood cells
- 1% white blood cells
- 1% platelets
4
Q
Arteries
A
- move blood AWAY from heart
- elastic, thick walls
- appear red
5
Q
Veins
A
- carry blood back TO the heart
- thinner walls
- valves
- appear blue
6
Q
Capillaries
A
- site of gas exchange
- wall is a single layer of cells for diffusion
7
Q
Arterioles
A
- act as a connector/transition between arteries and capillaries
8
Q
Venules
A
- act as a connector/transition between veins and capillaries
9
Q
Blood flow in the veins vs arteries
A
Arteries
- carry blood away from heart
- wider than veins
- higher pressure
- thicker walls
- do not contain valves
- arteries are more elastic
Veins
- carry blood to heart
- smaller
- lower pressure than arteries
- have valves
- thinner walls
10
Q
Arteries and veins associated with the lungs
A
- left pulmonary arteries
- left pulmonary veins
- right pulmonary arteries
- right pulmonary veins
11
Q
Arteries and veins associated with the body
A
- superior vena cava (vein)
- inferior vena cava (vein)
- aorta (artery)
12
Q
Pulmonary circulation
A
- from heart to lungs, then back to heart
- pulmonary arteries and veins
- involved in it is:
- blood comes from superior vena cava
- through right atrium
- through tricuspid valve
- through right ventricle
- through pulmonary valve
- into pulmonary trunk
- into left and right pulmonary arteries
OR - blood with o2, from lungs, follows systemic circulation.
13
Q
Systemic circulation
A
- from heart to body to heart
- left and right pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- mitral valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- into aorta
- OR
- blood from body without o2 follows pulmonary circulation
14
Q
Heart diagram
A
15
Q
SA (sinoatrial) node
A
- makes the heart beat
- patch of specialized self-spontaneous cardiac muscle, located in the wall of the right atrium
- sets the rhythm of the heart
16
Q
AV (atrioventricular) node
A
- passes along the signal to contract to the ventricles from the SAV node.
17
Q
Systole vs diastole
A
Systole
- Contraction or pumping phase
- atrial & ventricular systole
Diastole
- Relaxation or filling phase
- atrial & ventricular disatole
18
Q
Systolic pressure
A
- pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
- is the highest pressure in the arteries
- avg. <120 mmHg
19
Q
Diastolic Pressure
A
- pressure in the arteries during diastole
- lower than systolic pressure
- avg. < 80 mmHg
20
Q
Blood Pressure
A
- the force that blood exerts against the inner wall of a vessel
- shown as a fraction, systolic / diastolic
21
Q
Arrhythmia
A
- irregularity in the speed or rhythm of heartbeat
- could be harmless, may lead to insufficient blood flow
- symp. palpitations, feeling dizzy, fainting and being short of breath
- treated with meds or a pacemaker
22
Q
Aneurism
A
- bulge in an artery or heart chamber; most common in aorta
- caused by weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall
- blood pressure causes it to grow
- bursting causes internal bleeding; leads to death
- treatment involves removing damaged portion of blood vessel, replacing it with a synthetic material
23
Q
Angioplasty
A
- opens a clogged artery
- surgeon inserts a tube with a balloon into a clogged artery, widening the opening and allowing blood to flow again
- sometimes a mesh stent is used to keep the artery open
24
Q
Angiography
A
- maps out coronary arteries
- injects a dye into artery
- x-rays are taken while it moves
- helps to find blockages
25
Breathing
- first stage in human respiration, involves two basic processes:
- inspiration
- rib cage moves up and out
- diaphragm contracts and moves down
- pressure in lungs decreases
- expiration
- rib cage moves down and in
- diaphragm relaxes and moves up
- pressure in lungs increases, air is pushed out
26
Internal respiration
- third stage in human respiration
- oxygen moves from blood to cells
27
External respiration
- aka. gas exchange
- oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream
- second stage in human respiration
28
Cellular respiration
- release of energy (ATP) from glucose using oxygen
- ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
- fourth stage
29
Respiratory system diagram
30
Journey of air
- enters through nostrils
- inside nasal passages, air is warmed, moistened, & cleaned of dust
- mucus moistens the air and traps particles of dust, bacteria, foreign matter
- cilia in nasal passage that trap particles
- air passes through the pharynx and into the trachea via the epiglottis
- into bronchi, split off
- into bronchioles
- into alveoli where gas exchange occurs
opposite when breathing out
31
Larynx
- aka. voice box
- between the epiglottis and trachea
- cartilage which produces sounds using two folds of membranes (vocal cords)
32
Gas exchange in alveoli & in cells
- in both, the o2 is coming in/diffusing in, and co2 diffuses out.
33
Cell respiration formula
34
Gas transportation in blood
- O2 is carried by hemoglobin (iron-containing protein found in RBC)
- CO2 is mostly dissolved in blood fluids, however, some is carried by hemoglobin
35
Bronchitis
- bronchi become red, inflamed, and filled with mucus, which is expelled via coughing
- **ACUTE**: short term form caused by a bacterial infection, treated with antibiotics
- **CHRONIC**: long-term form caused by regular exposure to concentrations of airborne irritants (ex. cigs)
- destroys cilia in bronchi, causing a cycle of worsening symptoms
36
Emphysema
- chronic; causes the walls of the alveoli to lose elasticity
- reduces respiratory surface for gas exchange; O2 shortage results
- breathing becomes difficult
- treated with an inhaler or low flow O2 tank
- caused by airborne irritants
37
Lung cancer
- uncontrolled cell growth & division in lungs
- CARCINOMA: tumour made of rapidly multiplying cells, grows up to 8cm
- can spread to other parts of the body & lung
- difficult to detect and treat
- coughing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and loss of appetite
- x-rays dont show until tumours are large & starting to spread
- 80% die within 5 years of diag.
- caused by airborne irritants and radiation
