Chapter 10 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecules

A

A very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Provide short or long-term energy storage for organisms
  • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
  • 3 types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • A type of carbohydrate
  • Simple sugars with 3-7 carbons
  • ex. glucose, fructose
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4
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • 2 monosaccharide molecules
  • ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose
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5
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • many linked sugar molecules called carbohydrates
  • ex. glycogen in animals, starch in plants
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6
Q

Lipids

A
  • Organic compounds that do not dissolve in water
  • Made of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acid chains
  • Store 2.25x more energy than carbs
  • Phospholipids specifically make up the membrane of cells
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7
Q

Lipid diagram

A
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8
Q

Types of lipids

A

Saturated fatty acid
- no double bonds in middle
Unsaturated — TRANS
- H atoms opposite
Unsaturated — CIS
- H atoms same side
- bent config

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9
Q

Proteins

A
  • Small sub-units known as amino acids
  • Held together with peptide bonds
  • chains of amino acids are called peptides
  • ex. insulin
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10
Q

Primary protein structure

A
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11
Q

Secondary protein structure

A
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12
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A
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13
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A
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14
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • Direct the growth and development of all organisms using a chemical code
  • Two types:
    1. DNA — Deoxyribonucleic acid
    2. RNA — Ribonucleic acid
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15
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Help speed up important chemical reactions in the body. Work as a “lock and key” molecule
  • Use hydrolysis (water) to break apart molecules
  • Macromolecules must be broken down before absorption
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16
Q

Vitamins & minerals

A

Inorganic and organic substances that enable chemical reactions to occur

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17
Q

Calcium

A
  • Mineral
  • Functions
    • forming bone
    • conducting nerve signals
    • contracting muscle
    • clotting blood
  • Sources:
    • dairy
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18
Q

Iron

A
  • Mineral
  • Functions
    • producing hemoglobin
  • Sources
    • red meat
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19
Q

Magnesium

A
  • Mineral
  • Functions
    • supporting enzyme functions
    • producing protein
  • Sources
    • dark, leafy greens
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20
Q

Potassium

A
  • Mineral
  • Functions
    • conducting nerve signals
    • contracting muscle
  • Source
    • grains
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21
Q

Sodium

A
  • Mineral
  • Functions
    • conducting nerve signals
    • balancing body fluid
  • Sources
    • salt
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22
Q

Vitamin A / Carotene

A
  • Functions
    • good vision
    • healthy skin & bones
  • Sources
    • fruit
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23
Q

Vitamin B1 / Thiamine

A
  • Functions
    • metabolizing carbohydrates
    • growth & muscle tone
  • Sources
    • beans
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24
Q

Vitamin C / Ascorbic acid

A
  • Functions
    • healthy bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels
    • boosting immune system
  • Sources
    • fruits
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25
Vitamin D
- Functions - absorbing calcium - forming bone - Sources - fish
26
Vitamin E
- Functions - strengthening red blood cell membranes - Sources - fruits
27
Functions of water
- Flushing toxins from cells - Lubricating tissues & joints - Regulating body temp
28
How animals obtain their food
- Filter feeding - Aquatic animals, sponges - Substrate feeding - live in or on their food source - ex. caterpillars - Fluid feeding - obtain food by sucking or licking - ex. butterfly - Bulk feeding - ingest large pieces of food - ex. humans
29
4 stages of food processing
1. Ingestion - taking in/eating food 2. Digestion - breakdown of food by mechanical & chemical means 3. Absorption - transport from the digestive system into the circulatory system 4. Elimination - the removal of undigested solid waste
30
Mesentery
Skin that holds structures together
31
Peritoneal sac
Protects the abdominal cavity
32
The mouth
- Food triggers salivary glands to secrete saliva - 3 pairs of salivary glands - Amylase (an enzyme) in saliva breaks down starches into simpler sugar - Teeth bite, tear, and grind food
33
Diagram of the mouth
34
The esophagus
- A hollow muscular tube that uses peristalsis to move food down it - While eating, the epiglottis covers the trachea to prevent choking, uvula blocks the nasal cavity - Entrance to stomach controlled by esophageal sphincter
35
Bolus
- A smooth ball of food which is moulded by your tongue as you chew
36
The stomach
- Muscular j-shaped organ with walls folded like an accordion that allow it to expand - Lined with millions of gastric glands that secrete gastric juice - HCl, salts, enzymes, water, mucus - Pepsin-protein digestion (pepsinogen is inactive) - 3 layers of muscle fibres - Bolus becomes chyme - Pyloric sphincter keeps food in
37
Stomach diagram
38
Stomach on a cell level
- Chief cells produce pepsinogen, is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid - Goblet cells produce the mucous lining that protects the epithelium from the acidic env. of the gastric lumen
39
Small intestine
- Part of the alimentary canal in which digestion is completed - Walls are folded to speed up absorption - Folds covered in finger-like projections called villi & microvilli - Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
40
Duodenum
- As food passes through it, it combines the chyme with secretions from the pancreas & gall bladder
41
Jejumum
- Contains more folds that the duodenum & breaks down proteins & carbs
42
Ileum
- Absorbs nutrients before the large intestine
43
Accessory organs
Pancreas, liver, and gall bladder
44
Pancreas
- Secretes fluid into the duodenum - Fluid contains enzymes that chemically digest carbs, lipids, & proteins - Fluid also contains bicarbonate, which alters the pH of the chyme
45
Liver
- Largest internal organ - Secretes bile, emulsifying fat
46
Gall bladder
- Stores bile & salts for fat digestion
47
Salivary amylase
Origin: Salivary glands Where it acts: Mouth pH: 7 Nutrient molecule digested: Starch, glycogen Products of digestion: Maltose/disaccharide
48
Pancreatic amylase
Origin: Panceas Where it acts: Small intestine pH: 8 Nutrient molecule digested: Starch, glycogen Products of digestion: Maltose
49
Carbohydrases
Includes sucrase, maltese, and lactase. Origin: Small intestine Where it acts: Small intestine pH: 8 Nutrient molecule digested: Sucrose, Maltose, & Lactose Products of digestion: Glucose + Fructose, Glucose, Glucose + galactose
50
Pancreatic lipase
Origin: Panceas Where it acts: Small intestine pH: 8 Nutrient molecule digested: Lipids Products of digestion: Fatty acids and glycerol
51
Pepsin (Proteases)
Origin: Stomach Where it acts: stomach pH: 1-2 Nutrient molecule digested: Protein Products of digestion: Peptides
52
Trypsin & Chymotrypsin (Proteases)
Origin: Panceas Where it acts: Small intestine pH: 8 Nutrient molecule digested: Small polypeptides Products of digestion: Smaller peptides
53
Complex carbs chemical digestion & absorption
54
Proteins chemical digestion & absorption
55
Fats/lipids chemical digestion & absorption
56
Nucleic acids chemical digestion & absorption
57
Factors that affect enzyme action
- Temperature - More energy is added at higher temps, enzyme activity increases, and chemical bonds can become too weak to maintain the enzyme shape (denatured) - pH - Optimal temp: 37ºc - Optimal pH: 6-8
58
Large intestine
- Absorbs water from the alimentary canal - Any remaining material moves into the large intestine - Billions of anaerobic bacterial in the colon break down undigested matter further -
59
Digestive system diagram
60
Peptic ulcers
- A sore in the stomach or duodenum caused by Helicobacter plylori - Helicobacter plylori attach to digestive tract & stop it from producing protective mucus - Treatment include antibiotics, meds that reduce stomach acidity, & lifestyle changes
61
Inflammatory bowel disease
- IBD - A group of disease that cause inflammation in the intestines - Chronic and long lasting - Treatment includes a special diet and meds that reduce pain & inflammation
62
Crohn’s disease
- IBD that affects the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anus - Children with it do not grow properly during puberty - Causes thinner bones and poor muscle development
63
Ulcerative colitis
- IBD that attacks the colon - Symptoms include loose and bloody stools, cramps, and abdominal pain - Surgeons might need to remove the colon and create a new waste exit in extreme cases
64
Constipation
- Bowel movement as are reduced to 3 per week or less - Stools are dry, small, and difficult to eliminate - Caused by low water intake, lack of good nerve & muscle connections in the bowel, unhealthy diet, and lack of physical activity - Fibre helps reduce it
65
Hepatitis
- Inflammation of the liver - Most commonly caused by a virus - 3 types
66
Hepatitis A
- Contracted from drinking contaminated water
67
Hepatitis B
- Spread by sexual contact - Vaccine exists
68
Hepatitis C
- Usually spread by contact with infected blood - No vaccine
69
Cirrhosis
- Chronic disease of the liver when scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue & prevents it from functioning properly - Caused by chronic alcoholism & hepatitis C - Few symptoms early on - Blood tests can be used
70
Gallstones
- Small, hard masses of cholesterol crystals that form in the gallbladder - Caused by obesity, alcohol intake, and heredity - Treated with meds or ultrasound shock waves - Probability can be reduced by losing weight, increasing omega-3 intake, and decreasing the size of meals - Entire gallbladder may need to be surgically removed in serious cases
71
Endoscope
- Imaging tech used to confirm hard to observe - Many different attachments, not just a camera - Can be wire or pill - Non-invasive and quick
72
Diabetes
- Chronic disease in which, body cells are unable to use glucose to provide energy for muscles & tissue - Pancreas normally releases insulin into the bloodstream after you eat - Insulin allows glucose from the digested food to enter the body’s cells, lowering the amount of glucose circulating in the bloodstream - Without insulin, glucose cannot get into the cells and levels in the bloodstream can get dangerously high
73
Type 1 diabetes
- Occurs when the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system - Most common in children, teens, and young adults
74
Type 2 diabetes
- Occurs when either the body does not make enough insulin or it is unable to properly use it - Most common in those over 40
75
Gestational diabetes
- Can develop during pregnancy - Often ends when baby is born - Women who had it during their pregnancy are more likely to develop type 2 later on - Result of pregnancy hormones or inadequate insulin production levels
76
Insulin discovery
Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered the connection between insulting & diabetes at UofT