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Biology 11 > CPT Part 1 > Flashcards

CPT Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Macromolecules

A

A very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Provide short or long-term energy storage for organisms
  • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
  • 3 types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • A type of carbohydrate
  • Simple sugars with 3-7 carbons
  • ex. glucose, fructose
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4
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • 2 monosaccharide molecules
  • ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose
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5
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • many linked sugar molecules called carbohydrates
  • ex. glycogen in animals, starch in plants
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6
Q

Lipids

A
  • Organic compounds that do not dissolve in water
  • Made of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acid chains
  • Store 2.25x more energy than carbs
  • Phospholipids specifically make up the membrane of cells
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7
Q

Types of lipids

A

Saturated fatty acid
- no double bonds in middle
Unsaturated — TRANS
- H atoms opposite
Unsaturated — CIS
- H atoms same side
- bent config

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8
Q

Proteins

A
  • Small sub-units known as amino acids
  • Held together with peptide bonds
  • chains of amino acids are called peptides
  • ex. insulin
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9
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • Direct the growth and development of all organisms using a chemical code
  • Two types:
    1. DNA — Deoxyribonucleic acid
    2. RNA — Ribonucleic acid
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10
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Help speed up important chemical reactions in the body. Work as a “lock and key” molecule
  • Use hydrolysis (water) to break apart molecules
  • Macromolecules must be broken down before absorption
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11
Q

Vitamins & minerals

A

Inorganic and organic substances that enable chemical reactions to occur

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12
Q

Functions of water

A
  • Flushing toxins from cells
  • Lubricating tissues & joints
  • Regulating body temp
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13
Q

How animals obtain their food

A
  • Filter feeding
    • Aquatic animals, sponges
  • Substrate feeding
    • live in or on their food source
    • ex. caterpillars
  • Fluid feeding
    • obtain food by sucking or licking
    • ex. butterfly
  • Bulk feeding
    • ingest large pieces of food
    • ex. humans
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14
Q

4 stages of food processing

A
  1. Ingestion
    • taking in/eating food
  2. Digestion
    • breakdown of food by mechanical & chemical means
  3. Absorption
    • transport from the digestive system into the circulatory system
  4. Elimination
    • the removal of undigested solid waste
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15
Q

Mesentery

A

Skin that holds structures together

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16
Q

Peritoneal sac

A

Protects the abdominal cavity

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17
Q

The mouth

A
  • Food triggers salivary glands to secrete saliva
  • 3 pairs of salivary glands
  • Amylase (an enzyme) in saliva breaks down starches into simpler sugar
  • Teeth bite, tear, and grind food
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18
Q

Diagram of the mouth

A
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19
Q

The esophagus

A
  • A hollow muscular tube that uses peristalsis to move food down it
  • While eating, the epiglottis covers the trachea to prevent choking, uvula blocks the nasal cavity
  • Entrance to stomach controlled by esophageal sphincter
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20
Q

Bolus

A
  • A smooth ball of food which is moulded by your tongue as you chew
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21
Q

The stomach

A
  • Muscular j-shaped organ with walls folded like an accordion that allow it to expand
  • Lined with millions of gastric glands that secrete gastric juice
    • HCl, salts, enzymes, water, mucus
    • Pepsin-protein digestion (pepsinogen is inactive)
  • 3 layers of muscle fibres
  • Bolus becomes chyme
  • Pyloric sphincter keeps food in
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22
Q

Stomach on a cell level

A
  • Chief cells produce pepsinogen, is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid
  • Goblet cells produce the mucous lining that protects the epithelium from the acidic env. of the gastric lumen
23
Q

Small intestine

A
  • Part of the alimentary canal in which digestion is completed
  • Walls are folded to speed up absorption
  • Folds covered in finger-like projections called villi & microvilli
  • Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
24
Q

Duodenum

A
  • As food passes through it, it combines the chyme with secretions from the pancreas & gall bladder
25
Q

Jejumum

A
  • Contains more folds than duodenum & breaks down proteins & carbs
26
Q

Ileum

A
  • Absorbs nutrients before the large intestine
27
Q

Accessory organs

A

Pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

28
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Secretes fluid into the duodenum
  • Fluid contains enzymes that chemically digest carbs, lipids, & proteins
  • Fluid also contains bicarbonate, which alters the pH of the chyme
29
Q

Liver

A
  • Largest internal organ
  • Secretes bile, emulsifying fat
30
Q

Gall bladder

A
  • Stores bile & salts for fat digestion
31
Q

Factors that affect enzyme action

A
  • Temperature
    • More energy is added at higher temps, enzyme activity increases, and chemical bonds can become too weak to maintain the enzyme shape (denatured)
  • pH
  • Optimal temp: 37ºc
  • Optimal pH: 6-8
32
Q

Large intestine

A
  • Absorbs water from the alimentary canal
  • Any remaining material moves into the large intestine
  • ## Billions of anaerobic bacterial in the colon break down undigested matter further
33
Q

Digestive system diagram

A
34
Q

Prophase I

A
  • Chromatin condense into chromatids and pair off into sister chromatids held by a centromere
  • Homologous sister chromatids pair together
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
  • Spindle fibres attach to centrioles
  • Nuclear membrane fades and dissolves to allow for separation of the chromosomes and cell organelles
  • Crossing over occurs
35
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Tetrads move towards the middle of the cell/equatorial plate
  • Spindle fibres align them into position
36
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • Tetrads divide
  • The tetrads pull apart and move to opposite poles of the cell
37
Q

Telophase I & Cytokinesis I

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, begin to lengthen & relax
  • Spindle fibres dissolve
  • Nuclear membrane begins to form around each new mass of chromatin
  • Cytoplasm divides
  • 1 cell is now 2
38
Q

Prophase II

A
  • Chromatin condense into chromatids and pair off into sister chromatids held by a centromere
  • In animal cells the centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
  • Spindle fibres attach to centrioles
  • Nuclear membrane fades and dissolves to allow for separation of the chromosomes and cell organelles
39
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • Sister chromatids move towards the middle of the cell/equatorial plate
  • Spindle fibres align the pairs into position
40
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • Centromeres divide
  • The sister chromatids pull apart and move to opposite poles of the cell
41
Q

Telophase II & Cytokinesis II

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, begin to lengthen & relax
  • Spindle fibres dissolve
  • Nuclear membrane begins to form around each new mass of chromatin
  • Division of the cytoplasm
  • Cells are now separate
  • 4 cells total
42
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Injection/entry
  3. Replication
  4. Asssembly
  5. Release (lysis/breaking open)
43
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Injection/entry
  3. Integration into the host cell’s DNA
  4. Dormancy/normal cell function
  5. Triggering of viral DNA to be released, then lytic cycle
44
Q

Leaf structure

A
45
Q

Flower anatomy

A
46
Q

Monocots

A
  • 1 cotyledon
  • Multiples of 3 flowers
  • Have parallel veins
  • No wood
  • Fibrous roots
  • Roots in a ring
  • Scattered vascular bundles in stem
47
Q

Dicots

A
  • 2 cotyledon
  • Multiples of 4 or 5 flowers
  • Net-like veins
  • Taproot roots
  • Roots in star shape
  • Vascular bundles in stem are in a ring
48
Q

Root & stem structure

A
49
Q

Incomplete dominance

A
  • Heterozygotes blend the colour of two parents
  • ex. a rose with CᴿCᴿ (red) x CᵂCᵂ (white) mix to create CᴿCᵂ (pink).
  • Use a capital letter and superscript letter (CᴿCᴿ)
50
Q

Co-dominance

A
  • Both alleles for a trait are dominant and are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual
  • When both are shown, called a ROAN
  • Spotted or speckled
51
Q

Blood types

A
  • Iᴬ, Iᴮ, i
  • Blood type O is homozygous recessive
52
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A
  • An allele found on one of the chromosomes (X or Y)
  • Only one type of allele
  • ex. XᴴY x XᴴXʰ
53
Q

Hemizygous

A
  • Males are hemizygous because you cannot have an allele on the Y chromosome
  • They cannot be heterozygous or homozygous.

Biology 11 (14 decks)

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