CPT Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Macromolecules
A
A very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
2
Q
Carbohydrates
A
- Provide short or long-term energy storage for organisms
- Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
- 3 types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
3
Q
Monosaccharides
A
- A type of carbohydrate
- Simple sugars with 3-7 carbons
- ex. glucose, fructose
4
Q
Disaccharides
A
- 2 monosaccharide molecules
- ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose
5
Q
Polysaccharides
A
- many linked sugar molecules called carbohydrates
- ex. glycogen in animals, starch in plants
6
Q
Lipids
A
- Organic compounds that do not dissolve in water
- Made of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acid chains
- Store 2.25x more energy than carbs
- Phospholipids specifically make up the membrane of cells
7
Q
Types of lipids
A
Saturated fatty acid
- no double bonds in middle
Unsaturated — TRANS
- H atoms opposite
Unsaturated — CIS
- H atoms same side
- bent config
8
Q
Proteins
A
- Small sub-units known as amino acids
- Held together with peptide bonds
- chains of amino acids are called peptides
- ex. insulin
9
Q
Nucleic acids
A
- Direct the growth and development of all organisms using a chemical code
- Two types:
- DNA — Deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA — Ribonucleic acid
10
Q
Enzymes
A
- Help speed up important chemical reactions in the body. Work as a “lock and key” molecule
- Use hydrolysis (water) to break apart molecules
- Macromolecules must be broken down before absorption
11
Q
Vitamins & minerals
A
Inorganic and organic substances that enable chemical reactions to occur
12
Q
Functions of water
A
- Flushing toxins from cells
- Lubricating tissues & joints
- Regulating body temp
13
Q
How animals obtain their food
A
- Filter feeding
- Aquatic animals, sponges
- Substrate feeding
- live in or on their food source
- ex. caterpillars
- Fluid feeding
- obtain food by sucking or licking
- ex. butterfly
- Bulk feeding
- ingest large pieces of food
- ex. humans
14
Q
4 stages of food processing
A
- Ingestion
- taking in/eating food
- Digestion
- breakdown of food by mechanical & chemical means
- Absorption
- transport from the digestive system into the circulatory system
- Elimination
- the removal of undigested solid waste
15
Q
Mesentery
A
Skin that holds structures together
16
Q
Peritoneal sac
A
Protects the abdominal cavity
17
Q
The mouth
A
- Food triggers salivary glands to secrete saliva
- 3 pairs of salivary glands
- Amylase (an enzyme) in saliva breaks down starches into simpler sugar
- Teeth bite, tear, and grind food
18
Q
Diagram of the mouth
A
19
Q
The esophagus
A
- A hollow muscular tube that uses peristalsis to move food down it
- While eating, the epiglottis covers the trachea to prevent choking, uvula blocks the nasal cavity
- Entrance to stomach controlled by esophageal sphincter
20
Q
Bolus
A
- A smooth ball of food which is moulded by your tongue as you chew
21
Q
The stomach
A
- Muscular j-shaped organ with walls folded like an accordion that allow it to expand
- Lined with millions of gastric glands that secrete gastric juice
- HCl, salts, enzymes, water, mucus
- Pepsin-protein digestion (pepsinogen is inactive)
- 3 layers of muscle fibres
- Bolus becomes chyme
- Pyloric sphincter keeps food in
22
Q
Stomach on a cell level
A
- Chief cells produce pepsinogen, is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid
- Goblet cells produce the mucous lining that protects the epithelium from the acidic env. of the gastric lumen
23
Q
Small intestine
A
- Part of the alimentary canal in which digestion is completed
- Walls are folded to speed up absorption
- Folds covered in finger-like projections called villi & microvilli
- Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
24
Q
Duodenum
A
- As food passes through it, it combines the chyme with secretions from the pancreas & gall bladder
25
Jejumum
- Contains more folds than duodenum & breaks down proteins & carbs
26
Ileum
- Absorbs nutrients before the large intestine
27
Accessory organs
Pancreas, liver, and gall bladder
28
Pancreas
- Secretes fluid into the duodenum
- Fluid contains enzymes that chemically digest carbs, lipids, & proteins
- Fluid also contains bicarbonate, which alters the pH of the chyme
29
Liver
- Largest internal organ
- Secretes bile, emulsifying fat
30
Gall bladder
- Stores bile & salts for fat digestion
31
Factors that affect enzyme action
- Temperature
- More energy is added at higher temps, enzyme activity increases, and chemical bonds can become too weak to maintain the enzyme shape (denatured)
- pH
- Optimal temp: 37ºc
- Optimal pH: 6-8
32
Large intestine
- Absorbs water from the alimentary canal
- Any remaining material moves into the large intestine
- Billions of anaerobic bacterial in the colon break down undigested matter further
-
33
Digestive system diagram
34
Prophase I
- Chromatin condense into chromatids and pair off into sister chromatids held by a centromere
- Homologous sister chromatids pair together
- Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
- Spindle fibres attach to centrioles
- Nuclear membrane fades and dissolves to allow for separation of the chromosomes and cell organelles
- Crossing over occurs
35
Metaphase I
- Tetrads move towards the middle of the cell/equatorial plate
- Spindle fibres align them into position
36
Anaphase I
- Tetrads divide
- The tetrads pull apart and move to opposite poles of the cell
37
Telophase I & Cytokinesis I
- Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, begin to lengthen & relax
- Spindle fibres dissolve
- Nuclear membrane begins to form around each new mass of chromatin
- Cytoplasm divides
- 1 cell is now 2
38
Prophase II
- Chromatin condense into chromatids and pair off into sister chromatids held by a centromere
- In animal cells the centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
- Spindle fibres attach to centrioles
- Nuclear membrane fades and dissolves to allow for separation of the chromosomes and cell organelles
39
Metaphase II
- Sister chromatids move towards the middle of the cell/equatorial plate
- Spindle fibres align the pairs into position
40
Anaphase II
- Centromeres divide
- The sister chromatids pull apart and move to opposite poles of the cell
41
Telophase II & Cytokinesis II
- Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, begin to lengthen & relax
- Spindle fibres dissolve
- Nuclear membrane begins to form around each new mass of chromatin
- Division of the cytoplasm
- Cells are now separate
- 4 cells total
42
Lytic cycle
1. Attachment
2. Injection/entry
3. Replication
4. Asssembly
5. Release (lysis/breaking open)
43
Lysogenic Cycle
1. Attachment
2. Injection/entry
3. Integration into the host cell’s DNA
4. Dormancy/normal cell function
5. Triggering of viral DNA to be released, then lytic cycle
44
Leaf structure
45
Flower anatomy
46
Monocots
- 1 cotyledon
- Multiples of 3 flowers
- Have parallel veins
- No wood
- Fibrous roots
- Roots in a ring
- Scattered vascular bundles in stem
47
Dicots
- 2 cotyledon
- Multiples of 4 or 5 flowers
- Net-like veins
- Taproot roots
- Roots in star shape
- Vascular bundles in stem are in a ring
48
Root & stem structure
49
Incomplete dominance
- Heterozygotes blend the colour of two parents
- ex. a rose with CᴿCᴿ (red) x CᵂCᵂ (white) mix to create CᴿCᵂ (pink).
- Use a capital letter and superscript letter (CᴿCᴿ)
50
Co-dominance
- Both alleles for a trait are dominant and are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual
- When both are shown, called a ROAN
- Spotted or speckled
51
Blood types
- Iᴬ, Iᴮ, i
- Blood type O is homozygous recessive
52
Sex-linked inheritance
- An allele found on one of the chromosomes (X or Y)
- Only one type of allele
- ex. XᴴY x XᴴXʰ
53
Hemizygous
- Males are hemizygous because you cannot have an allele on the Y chromosome
- They cannot be heterozygous or homozygous.
