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Biology 11 > Diversity of Living Things Test > Flashcards

Diversity of Living Things Test Flashcards

1
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce viable and fertile offspring, naturally

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2
Q

Morphological species concept

A
  • Focuses on body shape, size, and other structural features
  • Simple and most popular
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3
Q

Biological species concept

A
  • Focuses on similar characteristics and organisms’ ability to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring naturally
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4
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A
  • Focuses on evolutionary relationships among organisms
  • Can be applied to extinct species and considers DNA, but evolutionary history must be known
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5
Q

Taxonomy

A

Branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species.
- Carolus Linnaeus is the “father” of taxonomy

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6
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A
  • First word is the Genus
  • Second word is the species
  • Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase
  • Italicized when typed
  • Underlined when hand-written
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7
Q

Taxonomic ranks

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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8
Q

Anabolism

A

The process of building up complex substances from simpler substances
- Building up cells and cellular components
- Photosynthesis

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9
Q

Catabolism

A

The process of breaking down complex substances into simpler substances to release energy
- Digestion
- Cellular respiration

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

The total of all chemical reactions in an organism. Anabolism + catabolism = metabolism

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11
Q

Physiology

A

Deals with internal physical and chemical functions of organisms

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12
Q

Structural diversity

A

Physical diversity among organisms from body morphology all the way to cell structure

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13
Q

Prokaryote

A

A smaller, simpler type of cell without a membrane-bound nucleus

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14
Q

Eukaryote

A

A larger, complex type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus

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15
Q

Species diversity

A

The variety and abundance of species in a given area

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16
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variety of inheritable characteristics in a population of interbreeding individuals
- Genetic diversity always greater within a species than within a population
- Provides resistance to diseases & environmental changes

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17
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere

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18
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of organisms

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19
Q

Kingdoms

A

Total of 6:
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia

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20
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Consumes other organisms for energy & nutrients

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21
Q

Autotrophic

A

Converts sunlight into energy

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22
Q

Kingdom: Bacteria

A

Domain: Bacteria
Cell type: Prokaryote
Number of cells: Unicellular
Cell wall material: Peptidoglycan
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual

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23
Q

Kingdom: Archea

A

Domain: Archaea
Cell type: Prokaryote
Number of cells: Unicellular
Cell wall: Not peptidoglycan; occasionally no wall
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual

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24
Q

Kingdom: Protista

A

Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Uni & Multi
Cell wall: Cellulose, or no cell wall
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual & sexual

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25
Q

Kingdom: Plantae

A

Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Cell wall: Cellulose
Nutrition: Auto
Reproduction: Sexual

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26
Q

Kingdom: Fungi

A

Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Cell wall: Cellulose, occasionally no wall
Nutrition: Auto & Hetero
Reproduction: Asexual & Sexual

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27
Q

Kingdom: Animalia

A

Domain: Eukarya
Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Cell wall: No wall
Nutrition: Hetero
Reproduction: Sexual

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28
Q

Viruses

A

A structure that contains strands of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat, and depends on a host cell to reproduce

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29
Q

Classifying viruses

A
  • NOT classified in any of the 3 domains of classification
  • Classified based on size, shape of capsid, and type of disease caused
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30
Q

Capsid

A

The outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus

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31
Q

Viruses with RNA

A
  • Called retroviruses
  • ex. COVID, flu, HIV
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32
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Injection/entry
  3. Replication
  4. Asssembly
  5. Release (lysis/breaking open)
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33
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Injection/entry
  3. Integration into the host cell’s DNA
  4. Dormancy/normal cell function
  5. Triggering of viral DNA to be released, then lytic cycle
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34
Q

Shapes of bacteria & archea

A
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35
Q

Groups of bacteria & archea

A
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36
Q

Bacteria & archea movement

A
  • Flagellum – tails whips around
  • Cilia – small hairs used to swim
  • Non-motile – don’t move
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37
Q

Binary fission

A
  • Asexual form of reproduction used by most prokaryotes (including bacteria & archea)
  • Cell divides into genetically identical cells
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38
Q

Conjugation

A
  • In less favourable conditions, bacteria & archea exchange DNA by conjugation
  • Produces cells with new genetic combinations, allows them to better adapt to harsh conditions
  • ex. when bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics
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39
Q

Endospores

A
  • Hard walled structures that allow bacteria cells to survive for long period in extreme conditions
  • Not found in any archea
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40
Q

Gram stain

A
  • Method used to classify bacteria & archea
  • Gram positive: stains PURPLE due to thick protein layer on cell wall
  • Gram negative: stains PINK due to thin protein layer on cell wall
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41
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Theory of how eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotic cells
- One cell engulfs another cell, engulfed cell survives, becomes an organelle
- ex. chloroplast & mitochondria

42
Q

Protists

A
  • Unicellular
  • 3 types:
    • Animal–like
    • Fungus–like
    • Plant–like
43
Q

Animal-like protists

A
  • Called protozoans
  • Heterotrophic
  • Many species of them are parasites
    • ex. Giardia which causes diarrhea & stomach pain
44
Q

Fungus-like protists

A
  • All heterotrophs, but they absorb raw nutrients
  • Produce spores
  • Are all slime moulds
45
Q

Plant-like protists

A
  • Contain pigment in their chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
46
Q

Methanogens

A

Microorganisms that create methane as a byproduct of their metabolism
- ex. Archea

47
Q

Spores

A

A reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without the need of another reproductive cell

48
Q

Aerobe

A

An organism that lives in an env. with oxygen
- both archea & bacteria

49
Q

Obligatory Anaerobe

A

An organism that only lives where there is no oxygen
- Includes methanogens

50
Q

Plasmid

A

A commonly used vector for inserting foreign DNA into bacteria

51
Q

Pilus

A

A protein fibre that extends from a bacteria to perform conjugation

52
Q

Halophiles

A

Extremophiles who can survive in environments extremely high in salinity

53
Q

Thermophiles

A

Extremophiles who can survive in extremely hot environments

54
Q

Chloroplast

A

A type of organelle found in plants which converts light energy into carbohydrates like sugar and starches

55
Q

Algae

A

Photosynthetic protists which may be unicellular or multicellular
- Multicellular algae are called seaweed

56
Q

Dinoflagellates

A
  • Unicellular
  • Also know as phytoplankton
  • Have two flagella at right angles from each other
  • Produce algal bloom/red tide
57
Q

Diatoms

A
  • Unicellular
  • AKA phytoplankton
  • One of the most diverse and abundant food source for marine organisms
  • Rigid cell wall with an outer layer of silica
58
Q

Incubation period

A

The time when the virus is replicating inside a host, but the host does not feel any symptoms yet

59
Q

Euglenoids

A
  • Unicellular
  • Found in shallow, fresh water
  • Autotrophs in sun, Heterotrophs in the dark
60
Q

Red algae

A
  • First multicellular organisms on earth
  • Found in warm, tropical oceans
  • Have additional pigment called phycoerythrin
    • Used in food colouring
61
Q

Brown algae

A
  • Largest & most complex
  • Do not have leaves or roots
    • Leaves = blades with air bladders to float
    • Stem = stipe
    • Anchor = holdfast
62
Q

Green algae

A
  • Found in fresh water
  • If unicellular, move with flagella
  • If multicellular, can grow up to a metre in length
  • Most plant-like algae
63
Q

Cercozoans

A
  • Change shape with temporary extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopods
64
Q

Ciliates

A
  • Have short, hair-like projections called cilia covering the surface
    • Used for locomotion and sweeping food particles along the cell surface
65
Q

Sporozoans

A
  • Parasites whose life cycles alternate between sexual & asexual reproduction
66
Q

Embryo

A

An organism’s pre-birth stage of development

67
Q

Vascular plants

A

Two types of tissue:
- Xylem — carries water & minerals from the roots
- provides support for plants
- Phloem — tissue used for transport of larger molecules

68
Q

Non-vascular plants

A
  • No vascular tissue (no veins or tubes)
  • Depend on diffusion & osmosis
  • Used for nutrient cycling & pharma
  • 3 types:
    • Mosses
    • Liverwarts
    • Hornwarts
69
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • Seeds are exposed on the surface of cones
  • Coniferous
  • Non flowering
  • ex. pines, spruce, etc.
70
Q

Angiosperms

A
  • Seeds are contained within a fruit
  • Deciduous
  • Flowering
  • ex. Snapdragon flowers
71
Q

Seeds

A

Allow plants to reproduce without the need of water, and to provide protection

72
Q

Cotyledon

A

Structure found in seed’s embryo for nourishment

73
Q

Monocots

A
  • 1 cotyledon
  • Multiples of 3 flowers
  • Have parallel veins
  • No wood
  • Fibrous roots
  • Roots in a ring
  • Scattered vascular bundles in stem
74
Q

Dicots

A
  • 2 cotyledon
  • Multiples of 4 or 5 flowers
  • Net-like veins
  • Taproot roots
  • Roots in star shape
  • Vascular bundles in stem are in a ring
75
Q

Fruit

A
  • Mature ovary of a flower that contains seeds
  • Goal is to spread any way possible
76
Q

Parasitic

A
  • Absorb nutrients from the living cell of a host organism
  • Fungus usually lives inside the host
77
Q

Mutualistic

A
  • Have partnerships with other organisms
  • Often plants or protists
78
Q

Saprobial

A
  • Feed on dead organisms or organic waste
  • Decomposers, recycle nutrients
79
Q

Hyphae

A

Multicellular thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus

80
Q

Mycelia

A

Branching network of hyphae that live in the substrate (roots)

81
Q

Body layers

A
  • Ectoderm
    • Outer Layer
  • Mesoderm
    • Middle layers
  • Endoderm
    • Inner layer
82
Q

Coelom

A

Fluid filled body cavity that sometimes suspends an animal’s digestive tract.

83
Q

Vertebrates

A
  • Have a notochord
    • flexible, rod-shaped structure
  • Also have a dorsal nerve chord
84
Q

Invertebrate

A
  • Do not have a notochord or dorsal nerve chord
85
Q

INVERTEBRATES: Sponges & Cnidarians

A

Sponges:
- No tissues
- Two layers of cells
- Not mobile
- Asymetric

Cnidarians:
- Includes jellyfish, anemones, and coral
- Only two layers of cells
- Have tissues
- Radial symmetry

86
Q

INVERTEBRATES: Worms

A
  • Simple nervous system with a brain-like concentration of cells at the head end
87
Q

INVERTEBRATES: Mollusks

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Three layers of cells
  • Two body openings
  • Many have a hard shell
  • Clams, snails, octopi
88
Q

INVERTEBRATES: Echinoderms

A
  • Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars
  • Marine animals
  • Radial symmetry
89
Q

INVERTEBRATES: Arthropods

A
  • Majority of animal species
  • Spiders, scorpions, crustaceans, insects
  • Exoskeletons
90
Q

VERTEBRATES: Fish

A
  • About half of all vertebrate species
  • Use gills
  • Some have a skeleton of cartilage
  • Have an air sac called a swim bladder
91
Q

VERTEBRATES: Amphibians

A
  • Tetrapods
    • Two pairs of limbs
  • Portion of their life cycle on land
  • Frogs/toads and salamanders
  • Use lungs & moist skin for gas exchange
  • External fertilization
92
Q

VERTEBRATES: Reptiles

A
  • Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles
  • Body scales
  • Shelled eggs
  • Internal fertilization
  • Ectothermic
    • Rely on environment to regulate body temp.
93
Q

VERTEBRATES: Birds

A
  • Endothermic
    • Use metabolic heat to maintain body temp
  • Most can fly
  • Lightweight bones
94
Q

VERTEBRATES: Mammals

A
  • All have mammary glands
    • Produce and secrete milk for nourishing young
  • Have hair for insulation, camo, waterproofing, and communication
95
Q

8 characterisitcs used to classify animals

A
  1. Vertebrate or invertebrate
  2. Levels of organization
    • All animals have cells (except sponges)
  3. Numbers of body layers
  4. Symmetry & body planes
    • Radial symmetry
    • Bilateral symmetry
  5. Body cavities
    • Coelom or not
  6. Segmentation
    • Repeated sections of body
  7. Movement
    • speed & ability to move
  8. Reproduction
    • Sexual
      • Internal or external fertilization
    • Asexual
96
Q

Fungi imperfecti

A
  • all asexual
  • ex. cheese mould
97
Q

Chytrids

A
  • Mostly unicellular
  • Most are aquatic
98
Q

Zygospore fungi

A
  • Multicellular and terrestrial
  • ex. bread mould
99
Q

Sac fungi

A
  • Largest group of fungi
  • Develop small finger-like sacs called asci
  • Sexual reproduction through fusion
  • Include single-called yeasts
100
Q

Leaf diagram

A

Biology 11 (14 decks)

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