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Biology 11 > Exam – Animals: Structure & Function > Flashcards

Exam – Animals: Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

The Mouth

A
  • 3 pairs of salivary glands
    • sublingual
    • submandibular
    • parotid
  • Chemical digestion begins, with salivary amylase
  • Mechanical digestion begins, with teeth
  • Tongue moulds food into bolus
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2
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Epiglottis covers trachea
  • Peristalsis moves food
  • Esophageal sphincter at the bottom
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3
Q

Stomach

A
  • Folded walls lined with gastric glands that secrete gastric juice
  • Bolus becomes chyme (mix of digested food and gastric juices)
  • Pyloric sphincter at the bottom
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4
Q

Small intestine

A
  • Where digestion is completed
  • Walls are folded to speed up absorption & made of villi and microvilli
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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5
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Secretes enzymes into the duodenum that chemically digest carbs, lipids, proteins
  • Biocarbonate alters pH of chyme
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6
Q

Liver

A
  • Secretes bile, emulsyfying fat
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7
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores bile and salts for fat digestion

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8
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Anything left over moves into it
  • Absorbs water
  • Bacteria break down anything left over, some produce vitamins
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9
Q

Digestive System Diagram

A
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10
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Origin: Salivary glands
Where it acts: Mouth
pH: 7
Nutrient molecule digested: Starch, glycogen
Products of digestion: Maltose/disaccharide

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11
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

Origin: Panceas
Where it acts: Small intestine
pH: 8
Nutrient molecule digested: Starch, glycogen
Products of digestion: Maltose

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12
Q

Carbohydrases

A

Includes sucrase, maltese, and lactase.
Origin: Small intestine
Where it acts: Small intestine
pH: 8
Nutrient molecule digested: Sucrose, Maltose, & Lactose
Products of digestion: Glucose + Fructose, Glucose, Glucose + galactose

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13
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Origin: Panceas
Where it acts: Small intestine
pH: 8
Nutrient molecule digested: Lipids
Products of digestion: Fatty acids and glycerol

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14
Q

Pepsin (Proteases)

A

Origin: Stomach
Where it acts: stomach
pH: 1-2
Nutrient molecule digested: Protein
Products of digestion: Peptides

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15
Q

Trypsin & Chymotrypsin (Proteases)

A

Origin: Panceas
Where it acts: Small intestine
pH: 8
Nutrient molecule digested: Small polypeptides
Products of digestion: Smaller peptides

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16
Q

Factors That Affect Enzyme Action

A
  • Temp & pH
  • Optimal temp is 37º
  • Optimal pH is 6-8
17
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave-like muscle contractions in esophagus that move food down into stomach

18
Q

Saliva

A

Secretion in mouth that contains salivary enzymes, breaking down food

19
Q

Bolus

A

Smooth ball of food, moulded by your tongue as you chew

20
Q

Chyme

A

Liquid mix of digested food and gastric juice, produced in the stomach

21
Q

Denaturation

A

When enzymes’ chemical bonds become too weak to hold their shape, breaking at high temps

22
Q

Heart Labelling

A
23
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Heart to lungs, then back to heart

24
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • from heart to body to heart
  • left and right pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • mitral valve
  • left ventricle
  • aortic valve
  • into aorta
25
Q

Lub

A
  • First sound
  • AV valves close
26
Q

Dub

A
  • Second sound
  • Semilunar valves close
27
Q

SA (sinoatrial) node

A
  • makes the heart beat
  • patch of specialized self-spontaneous cardiac muscle, located in the wall of the right atrium
  • sets the rhythm of the heart
28
Q

AV (atrioventricular) node

A
  • passes along the signal to contract to the ventricles from the SAV node.
29
Q

Components of Blood

A

55% plasma
45% red blood cells
1% white blood cells
1% platelets

30
Q

Systolic Pressure

A
  • pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
  • pressure during pumping/contracting
  • is the highest pressure in the arteries
  • avg. <120 mmHg
31
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

pressure in the arteries during diastole
lower than systolic pressure
avg. < 80 mmHg

32
Q

Respiratory System Labelling

A
33
Q

How Are Gasses Carried In The Blood

A

Through Hemoglobin in red blood cells

34
Q

Inspiration vs. Expiration

A

Inspiration

  • rib cage moves up and out
  • diaphragm contracts and moves down
  • pressure in lungs decreases

expiration

  • rib cage moves down and in
  • diaphragm relaxes and moves up
  • pressure in lungs increases, air is pushed out
35
Q

Internal vs External Cellular Respiration

A
  • Internal involved gasses moving between bloodstream and cells
  • External involves air moving between lungs and bloodstream

Biology 11 (14 decks)

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