exam ap, values, mapeh

Question 1

Naging batayan ng K-12 Araling Panlipunan Kurikulum ang mithiin ng

Answer 1

edukasyon para sa lahat 2015 (EFA 2015)

Question 2

Layon ng mga ito na magkaroon ng mga kakayahang kinakailangang sa siglo 21 upang makalinang ng

Answer 2

“functionally literate and developed Filipino.”

Question 3

Sa pag-abot ng nasabing mithiin, tunguhin (goal) ng K-12 Kurikulum ng Araling Panlipunan ang makahubog ng mamamayang mapanuri, mapagmuni, mapanagutan, produktibo, makakalikasan, makabansa at makatao na may pambansa at pandaigdigang pananaw at pagpapahalaga sa mga usaping pangkasaysayan at panlipunan.

Answer 3

BASAHA

Question 4

Katuwang sa pagkamit ng layuning ito ay ang pagsunod sa teorya sa pagkatuto na konstruktibismo, magkatuwang na pagkatuto (———-), at pagkatutong pangkaranasan at pangkonteksto at ang paggamit ng mga pamaraang tematikokronolohikal at paksain/ konseptuwal, pagsisiyat, intregratibo, interdesiplinaryo at multisiplinaryo.

Answer 4

collaborative learning

Question 5

 Sa pagkamit ng nasabing adhikain, mithi ng kurikulum na —— —– —– at pagpapahalagang pangkasaysayan at sa iba pang disiplina ng araling panlipunan ng mag-aaral sa pamamagitan ng magkasabay na paglinang sa kanilang kaalaman at kasanayang pang-disiplina.

Answer 5

mahubog ang pag-iisip (thinking), perpekstibo

Question 6

Mula sa unang baitang hanggang ika-labindalawang baitang, nakaangkla (—–) ang mga paksain at pamantayang pang-nilalaman at pamantayan sa pagganap ng bawat yunit sa pitong tema.

Answer 6

anchor

Question 7

 Sa ibang salita, layunin ng pagtuturo ng K-12 Araling Panlipunan na malinang sa mag-aaral ang pag-unawa sa mga pangunahing kaisipan at isyung pangkasaysayan, pangheograpiya, pampulitika, ekonomiks at kaugnay na disiplinang panlipunan upang siya ay makaalam, makagawa, maging ganap at makipamuhay

Answer 7

PILLARS OF LEARNING

Question 8

Nilalayon din ng batayang edukasyon ang pangmatagalang pagkatuto pagkatapos ng pormal na pag-aaral (—– —–). Ang istratehiya sa pagkamit ng mga pangkalahatang layuning ito ay alinsunod sa ilang teorya sa pagkatuto na konstruktibismo, magkatuwang na pagkatuto (— —–), at pagkatutong pangkaranasan at pangkonteksto.

Answer 8

(lifelong learning
collaborative learning

Question 9

1. Tao, Lipunan at Kapaligiran 2. Panahon, Pagpapatuloy at Pagbabago
2. Kultura, Pagkakakilanlan at Pagkabansa 4. Karapatan, Pananagutan at Pagkamamamayan
3. Karapatan, Pananagutan at Pagkamamamayan
4. Produksyon, Distribusyon at Pagkonsumo
5. Ugnayang Panrehiyon at Pangmundo

Answer 9

Ang mga tema ng Araling Panlipunan Kurikulum

Question 10

 Naipamamalas ang pag-unawa sa mga konsepto at isyung pangkasaysayan, pangheograpiya, pang-ekonomiya, pangkultura, pampamahalaan, pansibiko, at panlipunan gamit ang mga kasanayang nalinang sa pag-aaral ng iba’t ibang disiplina at larangan ng araling panlipunan kabilang ang pananaliksik, pagsisiyasat, mapanuring pag-iisip, matalinong pagpapasya, pagkamalikhain, pakikipagkapwa, likas-kayang paggamit ng pinagkukunang-yaman, pakikipagtalastasan at pagpapalawak ng pandaigdigang pananaw upang maging isang mapanuri, mapagnilay, mapanagutan, produktibo, makakalikasan, makabansa at makatao na papanday sa kinabukasan ng mamamayan ng bansa at daigdig.

Answer 10

pamantayan sa programa
( core learning area standard) ap

Question 11

Naipamamalas ang panimulang pag-unawa at pagpapahalaga sa sarili, pamilya, paaralan, at komunidad, at sa mga batayang konsepto ng pagpapatuloy at pagbabago, distansya at direksyon gamit ang mga kasanayan tungo sa malalim ng pag-unawa tungkol sa sarili at kapaligirang pisikal at sosyo-kultural , bilang kasapi ng sariling komunidad at ng mas malawak na lipunan

Answer 11

pangunahing pamantayan ng bawat yugto
( key stage standard k-3) ap

Question 12

Naipamamalas ang panimulang pag-unawa sa pagkilala sa sarili at pakikipag-ugnayan sa kapwa bilang pundasyon sa paglinang ng kamalayan sa kapaligirang sosyal.

Answer 12

kinder level standard ap

Question 13

Naipamamalas ang kamalayan, pag-unawa at pagpapahalaga sa kasalukuyan at nakaraan ng kinabibilangang komunidad, gamit ang konsepto ng pagpapatuloy at pagbabago,kapangyarihan, pamumuno at pananagutan, pangangailangan at kagustuhan, pagkakilanlan, mga simpleng konseptong heograpikal tulad ng lokasyon at pinagkukunangyaman at ng mga saksi ng kasaysayan tulad ng tradisyong oral at mga labi ng kasaysayan.

Answer 13

grade 2 level standard

Question 14

Naipamamalas ang kamalayan at pag-unawa sa sarili bilang kasapi ng pamilya at paaralan at pagpapahalaga sa kapaligirang pisikal gamit ang konsepto ng pagpapatuloy at pagbabago, interaksyon, distansya at direksyon tungo sa pagkakakilanlan bilang indibidwal at kasapi ng pangkat ng lipunan.komunidad.

Answer 14

grade 1 level standard

Question 15

Naipamamalas ang malawak na pag-unawa at pagpapahalaga ng mga komunidad ng Pilipinas bilang bahagi ng mga lalawigan at rehiyon ng bansa batay sa (a) katangiang pisikal (b) kultura; (c) kabuhayan; at (d) pulitikal, gamit ang malalim na konsepto ng pagpapatuloy at pagbabago, interaksyon ng tao at kapaligirang pisikal at sosyal

Answer 15

grade 3 level standard

Question 16

Ako at ang
Aking kapwa

Pagkilala sa sarili at pakikipagugnayan sa kapwa bilang pundasyon sa paglinang ng kamalayan sa kapaligirang sosyal.

Answer 16

saklaw at daloy ng kurikulum k ap

Question 17

Ang Aking
Komundad, Ngayon at Noon

Pag-unawa sa kasalukuyan at nakaraan ng kinabibilangang komunidad, gamit ang konsepto ng pagpapatuloy at pagbabago, interaksyon, pagkakasunod-sunod ng pangyayari, mga simpleng konseptong heograpikal tulad ng lokasyon at pinagkukunang yaman, at konsepto ng mga saksi ng kasaysayan tulad ng tradisyon oral at mga labi ng kasaysayan

Answer 17

saklaw at daloy ng kurikulum grade 2 ap

Question 18

Ako, ang Aking Pamilya at
Paaralan

Ang sarili bilang kabahagi ng pamilya at paaralan tungo sa pagkakakilanlan bilang indibidwal at kasapi ng komunidad, gamit ang konsepto ng pagpapatuloy at pagbabago, interaksyon distansya at direksyon at ang pagpapahalaga sa kapaligirang pisikal at paaralan

Answer 18

saklaw at daloy ng kurikulum g1 ap

Question 19

Ang Mga Lalawiga n sa Aking
Rehiyon

Pag-unawa sa pinagmulan at pag-unlad ng sariling lalawigan at rehiyon kasama ang aspektong pangkultura, pampulitika, panlipunan at pangkabuhayan gamit ang malalim na konsepto ng pagapapatuloy at pagbabago, interaksyon ng tao at kapaligirang pisikal at sosyal

Answer 19

saklaw at daloy ng kurikulum g3 ap

Question 20

It can be used interchangeably with the term “method”.

➢ It consists of steps or procedures to be followed or observed so
that objectives may be realized

Answer 20

Strategy

Question 21

The purpose of this approach is to make
the pupils learn how to get and identify facts and information

Answer 21

the Conceptual Approach

Question 22

This approach calls for setting up the desired
performance level of success of the pupils being taught by the teacher when evaluating learning or when doing activities to answer the problems posed to them.

➢ This approach is designed to make the pupils master
the basic minimum learning competencies.

➢ This approach uses the teach-reteach method

Answer 22

The Mastery leaning Approach

Question 23

Teachers must not limit students’
learnings in Social Studies alone. They should relate their subject matter to other disciplines like Science, Math, Music, Art, and other areas.

➢ This is to appeal to various interests of the
different pupils inside the classroom

Answer 23

the interdisciplinary/multidisciplinary approach

Question 24

The purpose of this approach is to clarify the
values chosen by the learner.

➢ The teacher’s role is to try his best to redirect his
value toward the positive through skillful teaching

Answer 24

the value clarification approach

Question 25

Teachers should make use of all forms of
media — from pictures to films in order to arouse the interest of the pupils and to generate concrete learning.

➢ Pictures are good but using film or actual field trips to particular places can certainly concretize pupils’ perception about the subject matter

Answer 25

the multimedia approach

Question 26

Issues surrounding the environment of the
learners should be included in the lessons under Social Studies.

➢ Studying issues such as environmental
destruction, family planning, drug abuse, pollution, justice, peace, etc. will enable pupils to understand better the place they live in and the role they play in the society

Answer 26

the integrated approach

Question 27

The sole purpose of this approach is to
develop the learners’ interest in inquiring or asking questions about the given materials, situation, or subject matter being studied.

➢ The ability to ask questions or to inquire is one salient skill that a teacher should develop among his pupils

Answer 27

the inquiry approach

Question 28

a. reporting b. analyzing c. using original sources d. outlining
e. summarizing f. taking notes g. reading and using maps h. planning
i. using charts and graphs j. debating
k. evaluating

Answer 28

examples of complex processes

Question 29

The main purpose of this approach is to
develop various skills among the pupils.

➢ Another purpose of this approach is to
equip pupils with the necessary skills they need to solve problems they encounter in life at present or in the future

Answer 29

the process approach

Question 30

This approach believes that creativity of the pupils is lost when the teacher reveals important facts about the subject matter to be learned without the pupils researching for them

The pupils are assisted to look for the
answers to their problems under the effective guidance of the teacher.

➢ The teachers should allow his pupils to
identify the problems or questions and then look for the answers themselves

Answer 30

the discovery approach

Question 31

It refers to the philosophical framework of any given subject.
➢ It also pertains to the general operation that a teacher observes
when he teaches a subject.
➢ It includes the various strategies, techniques, and materials to be
used

Answer 31

Approach

Question 32

observing b. classifying c. listening d. guessing e. using the dictionary f. reading for details g. recording
h. grouping

Answer 32

examples of single processes

Question 33

It can be used interchangeably with the term “method”.

➢ It consists of steps or procedures to be followed or observed so
that objectives may be realized

Answer 33

Strategy

Question 34

➢ The opposite of expository strategy.
➢ The pupils look for the answers themselves to the problems/questions
formulated by them also.
➢ The teacher acts a guide or facilitator of learning.
➢ Advantage: It develops creativity and independence.
➢ Disadvantage: It is time consuming

Answer 34

enabling strategy

Question 35

In this strategy, the teacher is the information giver. He gives all the
information needed by the pupils, then he gives an evaluation or a test.
➢ Advantage: The amount of knowledge given to the learners.
➢ Disadvantage: Pupils lose creativity

Answer 35

expository strategy

Question 36

It is also known as the problem-solving method.

➢ It is also inductive in nature

Answer 36

unit method

Question 37

It is an out-of-the-classroom activity where the pupils observe
and study things in their natural setting.
➢ It is an effective method because it makes use of all the senses of the learners

Answer 37

field trip

Question 38

From the known to the unknown

Answer 38

deductive method

Question 39

To be used in explaining difficult topics

Answer 39

lecture method

Question 40

It could be an enjoyment project (being a member of a
club/drama groups), construction or making an instrument, apparatus or visual aids (ex: maps, flags, charts, graphs, and posters, and research project

Answer 40

project method

Question 41

steps in project method

Answer 41

purposing
planning
executing
judging

Question 42

To be used in conducting current events lessons

Answer 42

try question method

Question 43

It is to act out the role of

Answer 43

role playing and social drama

Question 44

To be used in conducting lessons involving personal and societal
problems of the pupils

Answer 44

moral dilemma method

Question 45

To be used in presenting controversial issues

Answer 45

debate

Question 46

Modules are teaching materials to be learned in graded steps of
difficulty in such a manner that the presentation will result in the efficient rate of understanding and retention among learners

Answer 46

modular method

Question 47

It is one of the common methods used by teachers.

➢ It is used to assess pupils’ understanding of the topic being
studied

Answer 47

discussion method

Question 48

To be done by the learner after he has gathered facts and
information about certain questions or problems

Answer 48

reporting

Question 49

three types of discussion method

Answer 49

small group discussion
the group discussion
seminar/conference

Question 50

The whole class is involved. It uses the
“question and answer” method. Questions are directed to all members of the class and pupils are given a chance to give their responses freely

Answer 50

big group discussion

Question 51

This may be considered for all pupils of the
school so that they may be able to listen to a lecturer who will tackle a certain issue or topic of great value to all

Answer 51

seminar/conference

Question 52

This is often called the “spread-of-opinion”
strategy wherein pupils tackle an issue so that each may talk freely about it

Answer 52

small group discussion

Question 53

It is used to make the learners observe actual happenings for
self-fulfillment and learning through direct experience

Answer 53

participatory method

Question 54

A certain book is used as a text where all discussions emanate.

Answer 54

textbook method

Question 55

participant in a parade

Answer 55

direct participation

Question 56

watching a parade

Answer 56

indirect participation

Question 57

Pupils in the higher grades should be trained to get historical
facts from the senior citizens of the community

Answer 57

oral history method

Question 58

Many kinds of information can be gathered through survey in
which pupils in the higher grades can be trained to do much activity.

➢ Through survey using interview and questionnaire, pupils may
learn the problems of their community; the attitudes of the people about certain issues; the needs of lowly people; and others

Answer 58

survey method

Question 59

Pupils can be trained to web important concepts properly. After
taking up a certain unit, the learners may show their creativity by webbing the concepts they have learned

Answer 59

semantic webbing method

Question 60

This refers to the teaching of history by era – from the pre
Spanish period up to the present.

Answer 60

chronological method

Question 61

This is teacher-oriented. ➢ A teacher demonstrates to the pupils the proper ways of
locating place on the map/globe; the use of binoculars; how to make maps using paper mache; making various types of charts and graphs and others.
➢ Pupils may also demonstrate but they should be coached by the
teacher

Answer 61

demonstration method

Question 62

The different parts of the country are taught by area or by
region so that mastery is achieved

Answer 62

area or regional method

Question 63

Ex: For me, democracy is ______________ 2.) Giving a title to any of the following (picture, a paragraph, a
news/story) and asking the pupils their reason for their choices.
3.) Rank Order Ex:
____a. Energy ____b. Peace and Order ____c. Graft and Corruption ____d. Economic Problem

Answer 63

use of incomplete sentence

Question 64

The teacher reads aloud a question which
begins with “How many of you thinks that our government is good for the people?”
After the question is read the pupils take a position by show of
hands. Affirmative = pupils raise their hands Undecided = fold their arms Pass = no action at all

Answer 64

values voting

Question 65

Pupils may be
asked to react to pronouncements given by known or unknown persons.
Ex: a. According to Ninoy Aquino, the Filipinos are worth dying for. What do you think?
b. According to one officials, raping should not be considered a heinous crime. What do you think?

Answer 65

reacting to statement given by a person

Question 66

This is used to evaluate some issues or
current happenings, using a scale. Ex: Using a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is “Very Poor” and 10 is
“Outstanding”, how do you rate the economic conditions of the Philippines today? Why

Answer 66

values continuum

Question 67

This is one of
the most effective methods to use because it considers all the senses of the pupils

Answer 67

Film/Filmstrip/Transparency/T.V. Showing

Question 68

An eclectic approach or method would
produce the best results if done properly

Answer 68

true

Question 69

Sa Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP), ang palatandaan o batayang
kakayahan ng functional literacy ay

Answer 69

nagpapasya at kumikilos nang mapanagutan tungo sa kabutihang panlahat

Question 70

what are the 5 macro skills?

Answer 70

Pagunawa
Pagninilay
Pagsangguni
Pagpapasiya
Pagkilos

Question 71

Sa gitna ng mabilis na daloy ng impormasyon at ingay ng
kapaligiran, kailangang mag-ukol ng panahon ang mag-aaral sa maingat at malalim na pag-iisip sa mga sitwasyong naobserbahan at mga konseptong natutuhan tungkol sa moral na pamumuhay

Answer 71

pagninilay

Question 72

Kailangang humingi siya ng payo o gabay sa mga taong may higit
na kaalaman o kasanayan sa moral na pamumuhay at marunong magsala (weigh) ng mga impormasyong mula sa iba’t ibang uri ng media batay sa obhektibong pamantayan ng moral na pamumuhay

Answer 72

pagsangguni

Question 73

Mahalagang mailapat niya ang konsepto o prinsipyong nahinuha
mula sa mga konkretong sitwasyon ng buhay at maipakita ang kahandaang isabuhay ang mga mabuting ugali (virtues) na natutuhan batay sa obhektibong pamantayan ng moral na pamumuhay.

Answer 73

pagkilos

Question 74

Mahalagang maipamalas niya ang kakayahang mahinuha ang
mga konsepto at prinsipyong nagbibigay-paLiwanag sa sariling karanasan, mga sitwasyong namasid, sinuri at pinagnilayan gamit ang obhektibong pamantayan ng moral na pamumuhay

Answer 74

pag-unawa

Question 75

Kailangang matuto siyang bumuo ng sariling posisyon, paniniwala,
paninindigan o kilos na isasagawa batay sa obhektibong pamantayan ng moral na pamumuhay

Answer 75

pagpapasiya

Question 76

Ang Batayang Konseptwal ng Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao ay
batay sa

Answer 76

pilosopiyang Personalismo
Etika ng Kabutihang Asal

Question 77

Pilosopiya na Valves

Answer 77

pilosopiyang Personalismo
Interaktibong Teorya ng Pagkatuto (Social Learning Theory
Pagkatutong Pangkaranasan (Experiential Learning
Konstruktibismo (Constructivism
Teorya ng Pamimili ng Kurso (Theory of Career Development

Question 78

Ang nilalaman at istraktura ng Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao ay
nakaankla sa dalawang disiplina

Answer 78

ethics at career guidance

Question 79

ang siyensya ng moralidad ng kilos ng tao

Answer 79

ethics

Question 80

ang paggabay sa mag-aaral na
magpasiya ng kursong akademiko, sining at isports o teknikalbokasyonal na tugma sa kanyang mga talento, kakayahan at aptitude at mga trabahong kailangan ng industriya

Answer 80

career guidance

Question 81

Ang mga pangunahing dulog na gagamitin sa pagtuturo ng mga
konsepto ay ang mga sumusunod

Answer 81

a. pagpapasyang etikal (ethical decision making) sa
pamamagitan ng pagsusuri ng suliranin o isyu) b. ang Panlipunan–Pandamdaming Pagkatuto (Social- Emotional Learning)
c. pagpaplano ng kursong akademiko o teknikal-bokasyonal

Question 82

Naipamamalas ng mag-aaral ang pag-unawa sa mga konsepto
sa pananagutang pansarili, pamilya, kapwa, bansa/daigdig at Diyos; nakapagpapasiya at nakakikilos nang mapanagutan tungo sa kabutihang panlahat upang mamuhay nang maayos at maligaya

Answer 82

core learning standard ng values

Question 83

Naipamamalas ng mag-aaral ang pag-unawa sa konsepto at
gawaing nagpapakita ng pananagutang pansarili, pampamilya, pagmamahal sa kapwa/ pamayanan, sa bansa at sa Diyos tungo sa maayos at masayang pamumuhay

Answer 83

key stage standards ng values

Question 84

Naipamamalas ng mag-aaral ang pag-unawa sa pagkakaroon
ng kamalayan sa paggalang at pagmamahal sa sarili, kapwa at Diyos bilang gabay tungo sa maayos at masayang tahanan

Answer 84

grade level standards ng values

Question 85

Naipamamalas ng mag-aaral ang pag-unawa sa mga paraan ng
paggalang sa sarili, kapwa, bansa at Diyos bilang gabay tungo sa maayos at masayang tahanan at paaralan

Answer 85

grade 1 level standard ng values

Question 86

Naipamamalas ng mag-aaral ang pag-unawa sa mga gawain na
nagpapakita ng pagpapahalaga tungo sa maayos at masayang pamumuhay na may mapanagutang pagkilos at pagpapasiya para sa sarili, kapwa, pamayanan, bansa at Diyos

Answer 86

grade three level standard ng values

Question 87

Naipamamalas ng mag-aaral ang pag-unawa sa pagpapakikita
ng mga kilos na nagpapahalaga sa sarili, kapwa, bansa, Diyos at sa Kanyang mga nilikha bilang patnubay sa maayos at masayang paaralan at pamayanan

Answer 87

grade two level standard ng values

Question 88

It is the most common type of teaching
technique.
➢ It is the most natural and practical way of
imparting information to students

Answer 88

Lecture Strategy

Question 89

Any unit of purposeful experience or any
instance for purposeful activities carried on a life situation.
➢ It is a unit of experience.
➢ It rests largely on “Learning through
Experience

Answer 89

Project Method

Question 90

states that educational values of the projects and
determining the goals to be attained

Answer 90

purposing

Question 91

the success of the project is evaluated in the light of
the desired goal

Answer 91

evaluating

Question 92

involves the actual carrying out of the project
according to the plan

Answer 92

executing

Question 93

students make the plan to accomplish the goals

Answer 93

planning

Question 94

A viable alternative to learning and
experiencing real-life situations.
➢ It must be used and chosen only when they can properly cover the concepts and desired skills of a particular topic

Answer 94

Games

Question 95

Through this game students learn the values of respect,
communication, confidence, propriety, cooperation, courage, happiness, and prudence

Answer 95

Tall Stories

Question 96

This strategy explores the feelings of
students, allow them to gather insights on their attitude and promote the development of positive values.
➢ Through role playing, learners develop their
problem solving and social skills. Empathy, self-confidence, and sensitivity towards the feelings of others are also given emphasis

Answer 96

role play and social drama structure skits

Question 97

This strategy begins with the teacher proposing a
challenging question to students. The learners immerse themselves in observation, hypothesis making, defining discrepant phenomenon and analyzing findings to find the appropriate answer.
➢ Educational trips and simple experimentations are
the perfect means for an exploration inquiry discovery.
➢ This strategy allows learners to develop mental
discipline and intellectual honesty

Answer 97

exploration inquiry discovery

Question 98

➢Through this strategy, the learners will be
able to practice sound moral reasoning skills, choose the appropriate response for a value conflict and commit themselves to personal, moral, and societal values

Answer 98

values clarification

Question 99

Allowing learners to participate in
community outreach programs allows students to be aware of and challenged by social problems

Answer 99

action learning community outreach

Question 100

This allows students to not just observe
but also immerse themselves in the experience

Answer 100

field trips

Question 101

It a strategy that improves cooperation
and learning among students. Specific topics are given to small groups and discussed by the members

Answer 101

group or team teaching

Question 102

It is often used to develop mastery of facts, values, and principles.
➢ Drills can be used by repeating and testing certain concepts or skills that the students need to master.
➢ The goal of this strategy is to make the students practice the skills and concepts as if it is their “second nature”

Answer 102

drill strategy or practice

Question 103

Choosing age-appropriate and relevant videos or films can teach values with ease and success

Answer 103

film viewing

Question 104

In this strategy, students are directed to
specific websites which they can use to answer the guide questions prepared beforehand by the teacher.
➢ Teachers may also asked their students to
“blog” about topics discussed in class

Answer 104

webquest for internet learning

Question 105

It is an examination of the cognitive
structure of the concepts to be taught and the creation of a series of experiences for students to explore and discover the concepts themselves

Answer 105

guided discovery

Question 106

This teaching strategy provides the
learner with an experience and the opportunity to look at real life situations and give feedback and insight about the experience.
➢ Example: Assign students to perform the
task of the different community helpers for a day

Answer 106

simulations

Question 107

This kind of strategy allows students to
develop their critical analysis and communication skills
➢ It gives the student the opportunity to speak their minds without pressure from the teacher

Answer 107

round table discussion