Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Bio > exam 9 > Flashcards

exam 9 Flashcards

1
Q

model organisms

A

species that are easy to raise in the lab and use in experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

differentiation

A

the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

morphogenesis

A

the physical processes that give an organism its shape

the development of the form of an organism and its structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cytoplasmic determinants

A

maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

induction

A

most influential are the signals communicated to an embryonic cell from other embryonic cells in the vicinity, including contact with cell-surface molecules on neighboring cells and binding of growth factors secreted by neighboring cells
such signals cause changes in the target cells, a process called induction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

determination

A

refers to the unseen events that lead to the observable differentiation of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tissue specific proteins

A

proteins found only in a specific cell type and give the cell its characteristic structure and function`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

apoptosis

A

“programmed cell death”

occurs in cells of the mature organism that are infected, damaged, or have reached the end of their functional life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pattern formation

A

development of a spatial organization in which the tissues and organs of an organism are all in their characteristic places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

positional information

A

molecular cues that control pattern information

provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nurse cells & follicle cells

A

supply the egg with nutrients, mRNAs, and other substances needed for development, and make the egg shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

homeotic genes

A

genes that control pattern formation in the late embryo, larva, and adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

embryonic lethals

A

mutations affecting a process as fundamental as segmentation would surely be embryonic lethals, mutations with phenotypes causing death at the embryonic or larval stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

maternal effect gene

A

gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardlesss of the offspring’s own genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

egg-polarity gene

A

another word for maternal effect gene:
gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardlesss of the offspring’s own genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bicoid

A

an embryo whose mother has 2 muant alleles of the bicoid gene lacks the front half of its body and has posterior structures at both ends
bicoid gene is essential for setting up the anterior end of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

morphogens

A

substances that establish an embryo’s axes and other features of its form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

totipotent

A

a cell with the potential to “dedifferentiate” and then give rise to all the specialized cell types of the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stem cell

A

relatively unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitley and, under appropriate conditions, differentiate into specialiszed cells of one or more types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pluripotent

A

capable of differentiating into many cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CC

A

the first cloned cat

the two cats are not identical due to random X chromosome inactivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

oncogenes

A

cancer causing genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Genetic changes that convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes

A

movement of DNA within the genome
amplification of a proto-oncogene
point mutations in a control element or in the proto-oncogene itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
tumor-suppressor genes (+functions+
encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth - repair damaged DNA - control the adhesion of cells - inhibit the cell cycle
26
ras gene
codes for the ras protein, a G protein that relays a signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases. the cellular response at the end of the pathway is the synthesis of a protein that stimulates the cell cycle this process would not operate unless triggered by the appropriate growth factor
27
p53 gene
the protein it encodes for is a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell cycle-inhibiting proteins a mutation that knocks out the p53 gene, can lead to cancer
28
BRCA1 and BRCA2
mutations in the BRCA1 gene were associated with increasing suscpetability to breast cancer mutations in that gene or the related BRCA2 gene are found in at least half of inherited breast cancers, and tests using DNA sequencing can detect these mutations
29
virus
infections particle consisting of little more than genes packaged in a protein coat
30
classification of viruses
their genomes may consist of - double stranded DNA - single stranded DNA - double stranded RNA - single stranded RNA
31
capsid
protein shell enclosing the viral genome depending on the type of virus, the capsid may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape capsids are built from a large number of protein subunits called capsomeres
32
Tobacco mosaic virus
has a helical capsid wiht the overall shape of a rigid rod
33
adenoviruses
have an icosahedral capsid with a glycoprotein spike at each vertex
34
influenza virus
have eight different RNA molecules, each wrapped in a helical capsid, and an outer envelope studded with glycoprotein spikes
35
Bacteriophage
has a complex capsid consistign of an icosahedral head and a tail apparatus
36
viral envelopes
derived from the membranes of the host cell | contain host cell phospholipids and membrane proteins
37
host range
each particular virus can infect only a limited number of host species
38
lytic cycle
a phage replicative cycle that culminates in death of the host cell
39
virulent phage
a phage that replicates only by the lytic cycle
40
restriction enzymes
when phage DNA does enter a bacterium, the DNA often is identified as foreign and cut up by cellular enzymes called restriction enzymes, which are so named because their activity restricts the ability of the phage to infect the bacterium
41
lysogenic cycle
allows replication of the phage genome without destroying the host
42
temperate phages
phages capable of using both modes of replicating within a bacterium
43
prophage
when integrated into the bacterial chromosome, the viral DNA is known as a prophage
44
retroviruses
RNA animal viruses with the most complicated replicative cycles use RT
45
reverse transcriptace
(RT) transcribes an RNA template into DNA, providing an RNA-> DNA information flow, the opposite of hte usual direction
46
HIV
retrovirus that causes AIDS
47
provirus
integrated viral DNA from HIV, never leaves the host's genome, remaining a permanent resident of the cell
48
vaccine
harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against the harmful pathogen
49
ermerging viruses
viruses that suddenly become apparant
50
epidemic
general outbreak
51
pandemic
global epidemic
52
three processes contribute to the emergence of viral diseases
mutation of existing viruses dissemination of a viral disease from a small, isolated human population spread of existing viruses from other animals
53
horizontal transmission
a plant is infected with a virus from an external source
54
vertical transmission
the plant inherits a viral infection from a parent
55
genomics
studying whole sets of genes and their interactions
56
bioinformatics
the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data
57
Human genome progect
sequencing of the human genome beginning in 1990
58
whole-genome shotgun approach
J. Craig Venter developed this starts with the cloning and sequencing of DNA fragments from randomly cut DNA, powerful computer programs then assemble the resulting very large number of overlapping short sequences into a single continuous sequence
59
metagenomics
DNA from a group of species is collected from an environmental ssample and sequenced
60
National library of Medicine and the National Institutes of health
United states organizations Created the National center for biotechnology information (NCBI) which maintains a website with extensive bioinformatics resources
61
European molecular biology laboratory
europe
62
DNA data bank
Japan
63
BGI
Beijing Genome institute in Shenzhen, China
64
proteomics
study of the full protein sets encoded by genomes
65
systems biology
aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
66
microarray chip
tiny spots of DNA arranged in a grid on this silicon wafer represent almost all of the genes in the human genome. using this chip, researchers can analyze the expression patterns for all these genes at the same time
67
E. Coli genome sizes and estimated numbers
Haploid Genome Size=4.6 Number of Genes=4,400 Genes per Mb=950
68
Yeast genome sizes and estimated numbers | Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Haploid Genome size=12 Number of genes=6,300 Genes per Mb=525
69
Drosophila melanogaster genome sizes and estimated numbers
Haploid Genome size=165 Number of genes=17,000 Genes per Mb= 84
70
mus musculus (House mouse) genome sizes and estimated numbers
Haploid Genome size=2,600 Number of Genes= 22,000 Genes per Mb= 11
71
Humans
Haploid genome size=3,000 number of genes=<21,000 genes per Mb=7
72
percent that codes for exons
1.5%
73
pseudogenes,
former genes that have accumulated mutations over a long time and no longer produce functional proteins
74
repetitive DNA
consists of sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome 75% of repetitive DNA (44% of genome) is made of transposable elements
75
transposable elements
stretches of DNA that can move from one location to another within the genome
76
Barbara McClintock
experiments with Indian corn discovered transposable elements
77
transposons
can move within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate -cut and paste -copy and paste both mechanisms require the enzyme transposase, which is generally econoded by the transposon
78
retrotransposons
move by means tof an RNA intermediate htat is a transcript of retrotransposon DNA always leave a copy at the original site use reverse transcriptase
79
simple sequence DNA
contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences
80
short tandem repeat (STR)
when the repeated unit contains 2-5 nucleotides,
81
multigene families
collections of 2 or more identical or very similar genes
82
domains
proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions called domains
83
exon shuffling
could have moved exons from ancestral forms of the genes for epidermal growth factor, fibronectin, and plasminogen into the evolving gene for tissue plasminogen activator, TPA. duplication of an exon could account for the increased neeed for the protein it codes for
84
highly conserved
genes have remained similar
85
FOXP2
vocalization - both genes=normal vocalization - one gene=some vocalization - no genese=no vocalization
86
single nucleotide polymorphisms
single base-pair sites where variation is found in at least 1% of the population
87
evo-devo
evolutionary developmental biology | compare developmental processes of different multicellular organisms
88
homeobox
180-nucleotide sequence, which specifies a 60-amino acid homeodomain in the encoded proteins
89
hox genes
homeotic genes in animals

AP Bio (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions