Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Bio > exam 6 (no biomes) > Flashcards

exam 6 (no biomes) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biosphere

A

global ecosystem

the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

global ecology

A

how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

landscape

A

or seascape

mosaic of connected ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

landscape ecology

A

focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials and organisms from across multiple ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ecosystem

A

the community of orgamisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interat
LIVING AND NONLIVING THINGS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment
LIVING AND NONLIVING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

community

A

group of populations of different species in an area

LIVING ONLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

community ecology

A

examines how interactions between species, such as predation and competitoon, affect the community structure and organization
LIVING ONLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

population ecology

A

analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time
1 SPECIES ONLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

organismal ecology

A

includes subdisciplines of physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology, is concerned with how an organism’s structure, physiology and behavior meet the challenges posed by its enviroment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ecology

A

scientific stufy of the interactions between organisms and the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

weather

A

short term conditions of temperature and percipitation and wind in a given area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

climate

A

the long term prevailing weather conditions in a given area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 physical factors of climate

A

temperature
percipitation
sunlight
wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

biotic

A

living factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

macroclimate

A

climate at a global, regional, and landscape level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

march equinox

A

equator faces sun directly
neither pole tilts toward sun
all regions on earth experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

december solstice

A

northern hemisphere tilts away from sun and has shortest day and longest night
southern hemisphere tilts toward sun and has longest day and shortest night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

september equinox

A

equator faces sun directly
neither pole tilts toward sun
all regions on earh experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

june solstice

A

northern hemisphere tilts toward sun and has longest day and shortest night
southern hemisphere tilts away from sun and has shortest day and longest night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

california current temp

A

goes down the west coast

is cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

gulf stream current temp

A

goes from the gulf (cuba area) and rises to europe and netherlands and that place
warm to cool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

labrador current

A

east coast of north america from greenland is cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

biomes

A

major life zones characterized by vegetation type or by the physical environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

climograph

A

plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a particular region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

distrubbance

A

an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms from it and altering resoiurce availability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ecotone

A

the area of intergradation between biomes may be wide or narrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

canopy

A

in many forests the layers rom top to bottom consist of the upper canopy, the low tree layer, the shrub understory, the ground layer of herbaceous plants, the forest floor (litter layer) and the root layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

photic zone

A

wherre there is sufficient light for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

aphotic zone

A

where little light penetrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

pelagic zone

A

the photic zone and aphotic zone combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

benthic zone

A

deep or shallow
just the bottom of the ones that is like ground and stuff
consists of organic and inorganic sediments and is occupied by communities of organisms called BENTHOS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

littoral zone

A

coast

shallow well lit waters close to shore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

limnetic zone

A

not coast
water is too deep to support rooted aquatic plants, is inhabited by a variety of phytoplankton including cyanobacteria and small drifting heterotrophs, or zooplankton that graze on the phytoplankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

nutrient poor

oxygen rich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

eutrophic lakes

A

nutrient rich

oxygen poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

coral reefs

A

formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

ocean pelagic zone

A

vast realm of open blue water, whose surface is constantly mixed by wind-driven currents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

deep sea hydrothermal vents

A

food producers are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes

sulfur instead of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

marine benthic zone

A

consists of the sea floor

except for the sallow, near coastal areas, the marine benthic zone is dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

intertidal zone

A

periodically submerged and exposed by the tides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

wetlands

A

inundated by water atleast sometimesz and support plants adapted to water saturated soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

estuary

A

transition zone between river and the sea

salinity varies based on tide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

thermocline

A

in the ocean and in most lakes, a narrow layer of abrupt temperature change called a thermocline separates the more uniformly warm upper layer form the more unifromly cold deeper waters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

dispersal

A

one factor that contributes greatly to the global distribution of organisms is dispersal
the movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of orign or away from centers of high population density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

biotic factors of dispersal

A 
predators hebivors
presence of absence of pollinators
food resources
parasites
pathogens
competing organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

abiotic factors of dispersal

A 
temperature 
water and oxygen
salinity
sunlight
rocks and soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

density

A

of a population is the number of individuals per unit area or volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

dispersion

A

is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

immigration

A

the influx of new individuals from other areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

emigration

A

the movement of individuals out of a population and into other locations

54
Q

clumped dispersion

A

individuals are aggregated in patches.
plants and fungi are often clumped where soil conditions and other environmental factors favor germination and growth
insects and salamanders might be clumped because of humidity
clumping is also associated with mating behavior
sea stars group together where food is abundant

55
Q

uniform dispersion

A

evenly spaced
may result from direct interactions between indiiduals in the population
some plants secrete chemicals that inhibit the germination of nearby individuals that could compete for resources
rarer than clumped patterns

56
Q

territoriality

A

the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals

57
Q

random disersion

A

unpredictable spacing
the position of each individual in a population is independent of other individuals
this pattern occurs in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals or where key physical or chemical factors are relatively constant across the study area

58
Q

demography

A

the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

59
Q

life tables

A

age specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population

60
Q

cohort

A

the best way to construct a life table is to follow the fate of a cohort, a group of individuals the same age, form birth until all of the individuals are dead

61
Q

survivorship curve

A

a plot of the proprotion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

62
Q

type I curve

A

flat at the start, reflecting low death rates during early and middle life, and then drops steeply as death rates increase among older age-groups
many large mammals, including humans, that produce few offspring but provide them with good care exhibit this kind of curve

63
Q

type III curve

A

drops sharply at the start, reflecting very high death rates for the young, but flattens out as death rates decline for those few individuals that survive the early period of die-off
this type of curve is usually associated with organisms that produce very large numbers of offspring but provide little or no care, such as long-lived plants, many fishes, and most marine invertebrates

64
Q

type II curve

A

intermediate with a constant death rate over the organisms’s life span
this kind of survivorship occurs in some rodents, invertebrates, lizards, and annual plants

65
Q

reproductive table

A

fertility schedule
age specific summary of he reproductive rates in a population. it is constructed by measuring the reproductive output of a cohort from birht until death

66
Q

change in population size equation

A

births+immigrants-deaths-emigrants=change in population size

67
Q

N

A

population size

68
Q

t

A

time

69
Q

B

A

number of births in the population during the time interval

70
Q

D

A

number of deaths in the time interval

71
Q

b

A

annual per capita birth rate

72
Q

m

A

per capita death rate

73
Q

r

A

per capita rate of increase
b-m
r>0 then population is growing
r<0 then population is declinging

74
Q

zero population growth

A

per capita birht and death rates are equal

75
Q

r inst

A

instantaneous per capita rate of incerase

76
Q

exponential population growth

A

population increae under idea conditions

77
Q

r max

A

per capita rate of increase in exponential growth

78
Q

j-shaped curve

A

exponential growth

79
Q

s-shaped curve

A

logistical growth

80
Q

carrying capacity

A

limit to the number of individuals that can occupy a habitat

81
Q

K

A

carrying capacity

82
Q

life history

A

the traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival

83
Q

k-selection

A

density dependent selection

selection for traits that are sensitive to population density and are favored at high densities

84
Q

r-selection

A

density independent selection

selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments (low densities)

85
Q

density independent

A

a birth rate or death reate that does not change with population density

86
Q

density dependent

A

birth rate that fals with rising density

87
Q

population dynamics

A

all population for which we have long term data show msome fluctuations in size
such population fluctuations from year to year or place to place, called population dynamics, are influenced by many other factors and in turn eaffect other species, including our own

88
Q

competition for resources

A

increasing population density intensifies competition for nutrients and other resources, reducing reproductive rates. Farmers minimize the effect of resource competition on the grouwth of grains such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and other crops by applying fertilizers to reduce nutreint limitations on crop yield

89
Q

intrisnic factors

A

physological factors
hormone
sometimes random

90
Q

metapopulation

A

immigration and emigration are particularly important when a number of local populations are linked, forming a metapopulation

91
Q

interspecific interactions

A

competition predation herbivory symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, commensalism) and facilitation

92
Q

interspecific competition

A

-/- that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival

93
Q

competitive exclusion

A

even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to local elimination of the inferior competitor

94
Q

ecological niche

A

the specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism uses in its environment

95
Q

resource partitioning

A

the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community

96
Q

character displacement

A

the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in a sympatric than ina allopatric populations of two species

97
Q

predation

A

+/-

interaction between species in whcih one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

98
Q

cryptic coloration

A

camoflouge

99
Q

aposematic coloration

A

warning coloration
poison dart frog
hella bright

100
Q

batesian mimicry

A

a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful one

101
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

102
Q

herbivory

A

+/- interaction in which an organism eats part of a plant or alga

103
Q

symbiosis

A

when individuals of 2 or more species live in direct and intimite contact with one another

104
Q

parasitism

A

+/-

when one organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, the host, which is harmed in the process

105
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites that live in the body of their host

106
Q

ectoparasites

A

parasites that live on the external of the host

107
Q

mutualism

A

+/+

interspecific interaction that benefits both species

108
Q

commensalism

A

+/0

interaction between species that benefits one of the species but neither harms nor helps the other

109
Q

facilitation

A

+/+
+/0
species can have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species without necessarily living in the direct and intimate contact of symbiosis

110
Q

species diversity

A

the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community
has two components
species richness
relative abundance

111
Q

species richness

A

number of different species in a community

112
Q

relative abundance

A

the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

113
Q

biomass`

A

the total mass of all individuals in a population

114
Q

invasive species

A

organisms that become established outside their native range

115
Q

trophic structure

A

relationships
structure and dynamics of a community also depend on the feeding relationships between organisms in different trophic levels

116
Q

food chain

A

the transfer of food energy up the trophic levels from its source in plants and other autotrophs through herbivores to carnivores and eventually to decomposers

117
Q

food webs

A

food chains are not isolated units but are linked together in food webs

118
Q

dominant species

A

in a comunity are the species that are the most abundant or that collevtively have the highest biomass

119
Q

keystone species

A

are not usually abundant in a community

they exert strong control on community structure not by numerical might but by their pivotal ecological roles or niches

120
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

species that dramatically alter their environment

121
Q

bottom up model

A

postulates a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels

122
Q

top down model

A

postulates the opposite
predation mainly controls community organization because predators limit herbivores, herbivores limit plants, and plants limit nutrient levels through nutrient uptake

123
Q

biomanipulation

A

ecologists have applied the top down model to improve water quality in polluted lakes

124
Q

nonequilibrium model

A

describes most communities as constantly changing after disturbance

125
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

states that moderate levels of disturance foster greater species diversity than do low or high levels of disturbance
high levels of disturbance reduce diversity by creating environmental stresses that exceed the tolerances of many species or by disturbing the community so often that slow growing or slow colonizing species are excluded
low levels of disturbance can reduce species diversity by allowing competitvely dominat species to exclude less competitive ones

126
Q

ecological succession

A

the disturbed area may be colonized by a variety of species, whcih are gradually replaced by other species, wich are in turn replaced by stilll other species

127
Q

primary succession

A

when ecological succession begins in a lifeless area

pioneer species

128
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs when an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact

129
Q

evapotranspiration

A

the evaporation of water from soil and plants together

130
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing organisms and viruses

131
Q

zoonotic pathogens

A

those that are transferred to humans from other animals

either through direct contact with an infected animal or by means of an intermediate species, called a vector

AP Bio (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions