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AP Bio > exam 5 > Flashcards

exam 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

blending hypothesis

A

the idea that genetic material contributed by the two parents mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green

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2
Q

particulate hypothesis

A

gene idea

parents pass on discrete heritable units, genes, that retain their separate identities in offspring

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3
Q

character

A

heritable feature that varies among individuals

ex. flower color

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4
Q

trait

A

each variant for a character

ex. purple or white flowers?

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5
Q

true breeding

A

over many generations of self pollination had produced only the same variety as the parent plant
homozygous dominant or recessive

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6
Q

hybridization

A

crossing of two true breeding varieties

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7
Q

P generation

A

parental generation

two true breeding parents

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8
Q

F1 generation

A

first filial generation

hybrid offspring of P generation

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9
Q

F2 generation

A

second filial generation

result of self pollination of F1 generation

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10
Q

alleles

A

alternate versions of a gene

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11
Q

dominant allele

A

determines the organism’s appearance

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12
Q

recessive allele

A

no noticable effect on the organisms appearence except in the absence of a dominant allele

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13
Q

law of segregation

A

the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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14
Q

Punnett Square

A

handy diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of all ofspring resulting from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup

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15
Q

homozygous

A

pair of identical alleles

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16
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles for its gene

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17
Q

phenotype

A

appearance or observable traits

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18
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

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19
Q

testcross <!>

A

breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote
depending on the phenotypes of the offspring you can tell the genotype of the parent (4:0 ratio means homozygous dominant and 3:1 ratio means heterozygous)

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20
Q

monohybrids

A

they were heterozygous for the one particular character being followed in the cross

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21
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between two heterozygotes

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22
Q

dihybrids

A

individuals heterozygous for two characters being followed in the cross

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23
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a cross between F1 dihybrids (heterozygotes)

always yields a 9;3;3;1 phenotypic ratio

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24
Q

law of independent assortment

A

two or more genes assort independently, that is, each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pari during gamete formation
aka FOIL

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25
Q

multiplication rule

A

multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another

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26
Q

addition rule

A

the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities

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27
Q

complete dominance

A

mendelian genetics

dominant allele has complete dominance and is the only one shown over the recessive allele

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28
Q

incomplete dominance

A

blended intermidiate
not completely dominant
white+red=pink

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29
Q

codominance

A

two alleles each affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways
black spots on a white chicken

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30
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

an inherited disorder in humans
the brain cells of a child with this cannot metabolize certain lipids because a crucial enzyme does not work properly
as these lipids accumulate in brain cells, the child begins to suffer seizures, blindness and degeneration of motor and mental performance and dies within a few years

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31
Q

pleiotropy

A

genes that have multiple phenotypic effects

one gene codes for more than one thing

32
Q

epistasis

A

a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus

labradors (217)

33
Q

quantitative characters

A

characters vary in the population in gradations along a continuum
skin color

34
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

quantitative variation usually indicates polygenic inheritance, the additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
reverse pleiotropy: many genes code for one phenotype

35
Q

multifactorial

A

many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype

36
Q

pedigree

A

geneticists assemble information about members of a family into a tree diagram that describes the traits of parents and children across the generations

37
Q

square/circle

A

square is male

circle is female

38
Q

carriers

A

heterozygotes may transmit the recessive allele to their offspring and thus are called carriers

39
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

common lethal genetic disease in the united states
most common in european descent (4% carriers)
the normal allele for this gene codes for a membrane protein that functions in the transport of chloride ions between certain cells and the extracellular fluid. these chloride channels are defective or absent in the plasma membrane of children who inherit two recessive alleles for cystic fibrosis

40
Q

sickle cell disease

A

most common inherited disorder among people of african descent
1/400 african americans
caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobi protein of red blood cells; in homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is of the sickle cell variety

41
Q

anchondroplasia

A

form of dwarfism that occurs in one of every 25,000 people

dominant allele

42
Q

huntington’s disease

A

degenerative disease of the nervous system, caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is about 35-45 years old. once the deterioration of the nervous system begins, it is irreversible and inevitably fatal

43
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

mendelian genes have specific loci along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment

44
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

experimental embryologist

used Drosophila Melanogaster to do experiments on sex linked genes

45
Q

Drosophila melanogaster

qualities making them good for experimentation

A

prolific breeders: single mating will produce hundreds of offspring and a new generation can be bred every 2 weeks
only 4 pairs of chromosomes
which are easily distinguishable under a light microscope

46
Q

wild type

A

the phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations (w+)

47
Q

mutant type

A

traits that are alternatives to the wild type
they are due to alleles assumed to have originated as changes, or mutations in the wild type allele
(w)

48
Q

XX

A

female

49
Q

XY

A

male

50
Q

sex-linked gene

A

a gene located on either sex chromosome
those on Y: Y-linked genes
those on X: X-linked genes

51
Q

hemizygous

A

used for describing traits in males since they only have one possibility for an allele

52
Q

duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

affects about 1 in every 3500 males born in the US
disease is characterized by a progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination
rarely live past their 20s

53
Q

hemophilia

A

x-linked recessive disorder
absences of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting
when a person with hemophilia is injured bleeding is prolonged because a firm cut is slow to form

54
Q

Barr body

A

inactive condensed X chromosome
most barr body genes are not expressed
barr body chromosomes are activated in the ovaries

55
Q

linked genes

A

genes located near each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses

56
Q

genetic recombination

A

result from crossing over

the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either P generation parent

57
Q

parental ypes

A

offspring that inherit the phenotype that matches eithe of the parental (P) generation phenotypes

58
Q

recombinant types

A

nonparental phenotypes that do not reseble either parent

59
Q

crossing over

A

accounts for the recombination of linked genes
in crossing over, which occurs while replicated homologous chromsomes are paired during prophase of meiosis I, a set of proteins orchestrates an exchange of corresponding segments of one maternal and one parental chromatid

60
Q

genetic map

A

Alfred H. Sturtevant

an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

61
Q

recombination frequency

A

percentage of recombinant offspring

62
Q

linkage map

A

genetic map based on recombination frequencies

63
Q

map units

A

one map unit is equivalent to 1% recombination frequency

centimorgan

64
Q

nondisjunction

A

members of a pair of homologous chromosomes don’t move apart properly during meiosis ! or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis ii

65
Q

aneuploidy

A

if either of the aberrant gametes unites with a normal one at fertilization, the zygote will also have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome

66
Q

monosomic

A

fertilization involving a gamete that has no copy of a particular chromosome will lead to a missing chromosome in the zygote
2n-1

67
Q

trisomic

A

if a chromosome present in triplicate in the zygote

2n+1

68
Q

polyploidy

A

plants
3n
4n

69
Q

deletion

A

chromosomal fragment is lost

70
Q

duplication

A

repeats a chromosomal segment

71
Q

inversion

A

a chromosomal fragment reattaches to the origninal chromosome but in the reverse orientation

72
Q

translocation

A

fragment joins a nonhomologous chromsome
switch occurs
reciprocal mostly

73
Q

down syndrome

A

trisomy 21
one additional chromosome 21
disorder

74
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY

1/500-1000 live male births

75
Q

trisomy x

A

XXX

76
Q

Turner syndrome

A

X0

77
Q

cri du chat

A

cry of the cat
deletion of chromosome 5
baby cries like cat
dies

AP Bio (12 decks)

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