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AP Bio > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell division

A

the reproduction of cells

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2
Q

cell cycle

A

cell division is an integral part of this cycle
life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells

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3
Q

genome

A

a cells endowment of DNA

its genetic information

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

dna molecules are packaged into strucutres called chromosomes

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5
Q

chromatin

A

the entire complex of dna and proteins that is building material of chromosomes is referred to as chromatin

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6
Q

somatic cells

A

all body cells except the reproductive cells

diploid

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7
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells
diploid
half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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8
Q

sister chromatids

A

each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromaticds which are joined copies of the original chromosome

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9
Q

centromere

A

a region in the sister chromatids that contain specific dna sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

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10
Q

mitosis

A

the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

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11
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

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12
Q

mitotic (M) phase

A

includes both mitosis and cytokinesis

is usually the shortest part of the cell cycle

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13
Q

interphase

A 
longest stage of cell cycle
has 3 subphases
G1
S
G2
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14
Q

G1 phase

A

first gap phase

cell grows

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15
Q

S phase

A

synthesis

cell grows as it copies its chromosomes

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16
Q

G2 phase

A

second gap

grows more as it preparations for cell division

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17
Q

5 steps of mitosis

A 
prophase
prometaphase (don't worry about)
metaphase
anapahase
telophase
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18
Q

mitotic spindle

A

begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase

this structure consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins

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19
Q

centrosome

A

subcellular region containing material that functions throughout the cel cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules

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20
Q

centrioles

A

a pair of these is located at the center of the centrosome, but they are not essental for cell division

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21
Q

aster

A

a radial array of short microtubules, extends from each centrosome

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22
Q

kinetochore

A

each of the two sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome has a kinetochore, a structure made up of proteins that have assembled on specific sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere

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23
Q

metaphase plate

A

imaginary, not a real cellular structure
at metaphase, the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are on a plane midway between the spindle’s two poles
the plane is the metaphase plate

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24
Q

cleavage

A

the first sign of cleavage is the appearance of a cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

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25
Q

cell plate

A

plant cells
during telophase vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell, where they coalesce, producing a cell plate

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26
Q

binary fission

A

division in half

refers to this process and to asexual reproduction of single celled eukaryotes, such as the amoeba

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27
Q

origin of replication

A

in e. coli, the process of cell division is initiated when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a specific place on the chromosome called the origin of replication, producing two origins

28
Q

cell cycle control system

A

the sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct cell cycle control system, a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

29
Q

checkpoint

A

in the cell cycle is a control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

30
Q

G0 plase

A

if it does not receive a go-ahead signal at the point, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing state called the G0 phase
most cells of the human body are in the G0 phase

31
Q

growth factor

A

is a protien released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

32
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

33
Q

anchorage dependence

A

most cells exhibit this
to divide, they must be attached to a substartum, such as the inside of a culture flask or the extracellular matrix of the tissue

34
Q

transformation

A

cancer begins with a single cell in a tissue undergoing transformation, the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell

35
Q

benign tumor

A

the abnormal cells may remain at the origninal site if they have too few genetic and cellular changes to survive at another site
most benign tumors do not cause serious problems and can be completely removed by surgery

36
Q

malignant tumor

A

cells whose genetic and cellular changes enable them to spread to new tissues and impair the functions of one or more organs
malignant tumors=cancer

37
Q

heredity

A

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next is called inheritance, or heredity

38
Q

variation

A

differences in hereditary

diversity

39
Q

genetics

A

scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

40
Q

genes

A

coded information in the form of heredary units

41
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells

vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next

42
Q

somatic cells

A

all cells of the body except gametes

43
Q

locus

A

a gene’s specific location along the length of a chromosome

44
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

45
Q

clone

A

an individual that reproduces asexually gives rise to a clone, a group of genetically identical individuals

46
Q

sexual reproductions

A

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique conbinations of genes inherited from then two parents
offrspring of sexual production vary genetically form their siblings and both parents

47
Q

life cycle

A

generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

48
Q

karyotype

A

ordered display of chromosomes

49
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

homologs

two chromosomes of a pair have the same length, centromere position, and staining patern

50
Q

sex chromosomes

A

X and Y
XX=girl
XY= boy

51
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that arent sex chromosomes

52
Q

diploid cell

A

any cell with two chromosome sets

53
Q

haploid cell

A

any cell with one chromosome set

54
Q

fertilization

A

union of gametes (egg and sperm)

55
Q

zygote

A

resulting fertilized egg from fertilization

56
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that produces gametes

57
Q

alternation of generations

A

second type of life cycle
this type includes both diploid and haploid stages that are multicelluar
look at page 196 for images

58
Q

meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

A

2 stages of meiosis
2 duplications
results in 4 diverse daughter cells

59
Q

synapsis and crossing over

A

during prophase 1, duplicated homologs pair up, and the formation of the synaptonemal complex between them holds them in synapsiss. crossing over also occurs during prophase 1. synapsis and crossing over normally do not occur during prophase of mitosis

60
Q

homologous pairs at the metaphase plate

A

at metaphase I of meiosis, chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase plate as pairs of homologs, rather than individual chromosomes, as in metaphase of mitosis

61
Q

separation of homologs

A

at anaphast 1 of meisosi, the duplicated chromosomes of eahc homologous pair move toward opposite poles, but the sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome remain attached. in anaphase of mitosis, by contrast, sister chromtaids separate

62
Q

alleles

A

different versions of genes

63
Q

reductional division

A

meiosis 1
it halves the number of chromosome sets per cell
a reduction from two sets to one set

64
Q

equational division

A

meiosis 2

the sister chromatids separate

65
Q

independent assortment

A

because each pair of homologous chromosomes is positioned independently of the other pairs at metaphase 1, the first meiotic division results in each pair sorting its maternal and parental homologs into daughter cells independently of every other pair
each daughter cell represents one outcome of all possible combinations of maternal and parental chromosomes

66
Q

recombinant chromosomes

A

crossing over produces these

individual chromosomes that carry genes (DNA) derived from two different parents

AP Bio (12 decks)

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