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AP Bio > exam 8 > Flashcards

exam 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

evolution

A

descent with modification, a phrase darwin used in propsing that Earth’s many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present day species

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

viewed species as fixed/unchanging
scala naturae=scale of nature
each form of life has its allotted rung on this scale/ladder

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3
Q

carolus linnaues

A

taxonomy- based on pattern of their creation
“for the greater glory of god”
developed binomial format for naming species

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4
Q

fossils

A

the remains or traces of organisms from the past

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5
Q

strata

A

new layers of sediment covering older ones and compressing them into layer of rock called strata
volcanoes and earthquakes can fuck this

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6
Q

paleontology

A

the study of fossils developed largely by Cuvier

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7
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

noticed that the older the stratum, the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life forms
he speculated that each boundary between strata represented a sudden catastrophic event

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8
Q

James Hutton

A

geologist
proposed that Earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms, such as valleys being formed and rivers wearing through rocks

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9
Q

Charles Lyell

A

incoporated hutton’s thinking into his proposal that the same geological processes are operating today as in the past, at the same rate

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10
Q

Lamarck

A

use and disuse: the idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those tha are not used deteriorate

inheritance of acquired characteristics: an organism could pass these modifications to offspring

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11
Q

charles darwin

A

medical school–unsuccesfful
cambridge for clergyman–got into evolution (HMS Beagle)

did the descent with modification and natural selection thing

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12
Q

adaptations

A

during the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin observed many examples of adaptations, inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

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13
Q

natural selection

A

a process sin which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of tose traits

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14
Q

Wallace

A

developed a hypothesis of natural selection nearly identicla to Darwins, became foot note in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

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15
Q

darwins three observations about nature

A

the unity of life
the diversity of life
match between organisms and their environment

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16
Q

artificial selection

A

selecting and breeding individuals that posses desired traits

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17
Q

Malthus

A

human suffering resulted from the human population’s potential to increase faster than food supplies and other resources

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18
Q

main ideas of natural selection

A
  • process in which individuals that have certain heritable traits survive and repordue at a higher rate than other individuals because of those traits
  • over time, natural selection can increase the match between organisms and their environment
  • if an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new habitat, natural seletion may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species
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19
Q

proof of evolution (4 things)

A
  • direct observations
  • homology
  • fossil record
  • biogeography
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20
Q

direct observations of evolutionary change

A

soapberry bugs

  • measuring beak lengths in soapberry bug population feeding on natural plant
  • how beak length changes with an introduced species
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21
Q

evolution of drug resistant bacteria

A

methicilin resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
formidable pathegon, resistant to multiple antibiotics

methicillin resistant gene is right next to ability to colonize hosts

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22
Q

homology

A

same structure different function

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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23
Q

homologous structures

A

two structures that have homology

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24
Q

vestigal structures

A

remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors

25
Q

convergent evolution

A

distantly related organisms can resemble one another

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

26
Q

analogous structures

A

different structure same function

ex) ankle bones

27
Q

fossil record

A

biggest example of evolution
documents the pattern of evolution, showing the past organisms differed from present day organisms and that many species have become extinct

28
Q

biogeography

A

the scientific study of distributions of species

29
Q

pangea

A

250 million years ago continental drift united all of Earth’s landmasses into a single large continent called Pangea

30
Q

endemic

A

species that exist nowhere else in the world

31
Q

speciaion

A

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

32
Q

microevolutiion

A

changes over time in allele frequencies in a population

33
Q

macroevolution

A

the broad pattern of evolution above the species level

34
Q

biological species concept

A

a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable fertile offspring

35
Q

gene flow

A

the transfer of alleles into or out of a population

36
Q

reproductive isolation

A

the existence of biological barriers that impede members of 2 species from interbreeding and producing viable fertile offspring

37
Q

prezygotic barriers

A 
block fertilization from occuring
habitat isolation
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation
38
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult
reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid fertility

39
Q

habitat isolation

A

2 species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers, such as mountain ranges

example: 2 species of garter snakes occur in the same geographic areas, but one lives mainly in water while the other is primarily terrestrial

40
Q

temporal isolation

A

time
species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

example: geographic ranges of western and eastern spotted skink overlap but one mates in late winter and the other mates in late summer

41
Q

behavioral isolation

A

courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species
such behavioral rituals enable mate recognition–a way to identify potential mates of the same species

example: blue footed boobies mate only after a courtship display unique to their species

42
Q

mechanical isolation

A

mating is attempted, but morphological differences prevent its successful completion

example: the shells of 2 snail species have different spirals so their genital openings are not aligned and mating cannot be completed

43
Q

gametic isolation

A

sperm of one species might not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species.

example: sea urchins release their sperm and eggs into the surrounding water. its difficult for gametes of different urchin species to fuse because the protein surfaces of the eggs and sperm bind poorly to each other

44
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

the genes of a different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid’s development or survival in its environment

example: salamander subspecies hybridize but most of the hybrids do not complete development and those that do are frail

45
Q

reduced hybrid fertility

A

even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile.
if the chromosomes of the 2 parent species differ in number or structure meiosis in the hybrids mayfail to produce normal gametes. since the infertile hybrids cannot produce offspring when they mate with either parent species, genes cannot flow freely between the species

example: donkey (male) + horse (female) = mule (robust but sterile)

46
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

some first generation hybrids are viable and fertile but when they mate with one another or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile

example: hybrids betweens trains of rice are vigorous and fertile, but plants in the next generation that carry too many of these recessive alleles are small and sterile

47
Q

morphological species concept

A

characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features

48
Q

ecological species concept

A

views a species in terms of its ecological nice, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment

49
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

species is the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor
most difficult to define

50
Q

allopatric speciation

A

barrier

gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

51
Q

sympatric speciation

A

no barrier

speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic areas

52
Q

polyploidy

A

a species may originate from an accident during cell division that results in an extra set of chromosomes
plants

53
Q

autopolyploid

A

individual that has more than 2 chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species

54
Q

allopolyploid

A

hybrid that is a fertile polyploid

hybrid w eachother but not with parent species

55
Q

hybrid zone

A

a region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry

56
Q

reinforcment

A

strengthening of reproductive barriers–hybrids gradually cease to be formed
2 phenotypes

57
Q

fusion

A

weakening of reproductive barriers–the two species fuse

1 phenotype

58
Q

stability

A

continued production of hybrid individuals

3 phenotypes

59
Q

punctuated equilibria

A

periods of apparant stasis punctuated by sudden change

new species change most as they branch from a parent species and then change little for the rest of their existance

AP Bio (12 decks)

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