exam 8

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

descent with modification, a phrase darwin used in propsing that Earth’s many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present day species

Question 2

Aristotle

Answer 2

viewed species as fixed/unchanging
scala naturae=scale of nature
each form of life has its allotted rung on this scale/ladder

Question 3

carolus linnaues

Answer 3

taxonomy- based on pattern of their creation
“for the greater glory of god”
developed binomial format for naming species

Question 4

fossils

Answer 4

the remains or traces of organisms from the past

Question 5

strata

Answer 5

new layers of sediment covering older ones and compressing them into layer of rock called strata
volcanoes and earthquakes can fuck this

Question 6

paleontology

Answer 6

the study of fossils developed largely by Cuvier

Question 7

Georges Cuvier

Answer 7

noticed that the older the stratum, the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life forms
he speculated that each boundary between strata represented a sudden catastrophic event

Question 8

James Hutton

Answer 8

geologist
proposed that Earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms, such as valleys being formed and rivers wearing through rocks

Question 9

Charles Lyell

Answer 9

incoporated hutton’s thinking into his proposal that the same geological processes are operating today as in the past, at the same rate

Question 10

Lamarck

Answer 10

use and disuse: the idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those tha are not used deteriorate

inheritance of acquired characteristics: an organism could pass these modifications to offspring

Question 11

charles darwin

Answer 11

medical school–unsuccesfful
cambridge for clergyman–got into evolution (HMS Beagle)

did the descent with modification and natural selection thing

Question 12

adaptations

Answer 12

during the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin observed many examples of adaptations, inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

Question 13

natural selection

Answer 13

a process sin which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of tose traits

Question 14

Wallace

Answer 14

developed a hypothesis of natural selection nearly identicla to Darwins, became foot note in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Question 15

darwins three observations about nature

Answer 15

the unity of life
the diversity of life
match between organisms and their environment

Question 16

artificial selection

Answer 16

selecting and breeding individuals that posses desired traits

Question 17

Malthus

Answer 17

human suffering resulted from the human population’s potential to increase faster than food supplies and other resources

Question 18

main ideas of natural selection

Answer 18

• process in which individuals that have certain heritable traits survive and repordue at a higher rate than other individuals because of those traits
• over time, natural selection can increase the match between organisms and their environment
• if an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new habitat, natural seletion may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species

Question 19

proof of evolution (4 things)

Answer 19

• direct observations
• homology
• fossil record
• biogeography

Question 20

direct observations of evolutionary change

Answer 20

soapberry bugs

• measuring beak lengths in soapberry bug population feeding on natural plant
• how beak length changes with an introduced species

Question 21

evolution of drug resistant bacteria

Answer 21

methicilin resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
formidable pathegon, resistant to multiple antibiotics

methicillin resistant gene is right next to ability to colonize hosts

Question 22

homology

Answer 22

same structure different function

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Question 23

homologous structures

Answer 23

two structures that have homology

Question 24

vestigal structures

Answer 24

remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors

Question 25

convergent evolution

Answer 25

distantly related organisms can resemble one another | the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

Question 26

analogous structures

Answer 26

different structure same function | ex) ankle bones

Question 27

fossil record

Answer 27

biggest example of evolution documents the pattern of evolution, showing the past organisms differed from present day organisms and that many species have become extinct

Question 28

biogeography

Answer 28

the scientific study of distributions of species

Question 29

pangea

Answer 29

250 million years ago continental drift united all of Earth's landmasses into a single large continent called Pangea

Question 30

endemic

Answer 30

species that exist nowhere else in the world

Question 31

speciaion

Answer 31

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

Question 32

microevolutiion

Answer 32

changes over time in allele frequencies in a population

Question 33

macroevolution

Answer 33

the broad pattern of evolution above the species level

Question 34

biological species concept

Answer 34

a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable fertile offspring

Question 35

gene flow

Answer 35

the transfer of alleles into or out of a population

Question 36

reproductive isolation

Answer 36

the existence of biological barriers that impede members of 2 species from interbreeding and producing viable fertile offspring

Question 37

prezygotic barriers

Answer 37

``` block fertilization from occuring habitat isolation temporal isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation ```

Question 38

postzygotic barriers

Answer 38

prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult reduced hybrid viability reduced hybrid fertility

Question 39

habitat isolation

Answer 39

2 species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers, such as mountain ranges example: 2 species of garter snakes occur in the same geographic areas, but one lives mainly in water while the other is primarily terrestrial

Question 40

temporal isolation

Answer 40

time species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes example: geographic ranges of western and eastern spotted skink overlap but one mates in late winter and the other mates in late summer

Question 41

behavioral isolation

Answer 41

courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species such behavioral rituals enable mate recognition--a way to identify potential mates of the same species example: blue footed boobies mate only after a courtship display unique to their species

Question 42

mechanical isolation

Answer 42

mating is attempted, but morphological differences prevent its successful completion example: the shells of 2 snail species have different spirals so their genital openings are not aligned and mating cannot be completed

Question 43

gametic isolation

Answer 43

sperm of one species might not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species. example: sea urchins release their sperm and eggs into the surrounding water. its difficult for gametes of different urchin species to fuse because the protein surfaces of the eggs and sperm bind poorly to each other

Question 44

reduced hybrid viability

Answer 44

the genes of a different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid's development or survival in its environment example: salamander subspecies hybridize but most of the hybrids do not complete development and those that do are frail

Question 45

reduced hybrid fertility

Answer 45

even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile. if the chromosomes of the 2 parent species differ in number or structure meiosis in the hybrids mayfail to produce normal gametes. since the infertile hybrids cannot produce offspring when they mate with either parent species, genes cannot flow freely between the species example: donkey (male) + horse (female) = mule (robust but sterile)

Question 46

hybrid breakdown

Answer 46

some first generation hybrids are viable and fertile but when they mate with one another or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile example: hybrids betweens trains of rice are vigorous and fertile, but plants in the next generation that carry too many of these recessive alleles are small and sterile

Question 47

morphological species concept

Answer 47

characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features

Question 48

ecological species concept

Answer 48

views a species in terms of its ecological nice, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment

Question 49

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 49

species is the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor most difficult to define

Question 50

allopatric speciation

Answer 50

barrier | gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

Question 51

sympatric speciation

Answer 51

no barrier | speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic areas

Question 52

polyploidy

Answer 52

a species may originate from an accident during cell division that results in an extra set of chromosomes plants

Question 53

autopolyploid

Answer 53

individual that has more than 2 chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species

Question 54

allopolyploid

Answer 54

hybrid that is a fertile polyploid | hybrid w eachother but not with parent species

Question 55

hybrid zone

Answer 55

a region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry

Question 56

reinforcment

Answer 56

strengthening of reproductive barriers--hybrids gradually cease to be formed 2 phenotypes

Question 57

fusion

Answer 57

weakening of reproductive barriers--the two species fuse | 1 phenotype

Question 58

stability

Answer 58

continued production of hybrid individuals | 3 phenotypes

Question 59

punctuated equilibria

Answer 59

periods of apparant stasis punctuated by sudden change | new species change most as they branch from a parent species and then change little for the rest of their existance