exam 11 Flashcards
1
Q
charophytes
A
most closely related to plants
2
Q
similarities between plants and charophytes
A
protein rings synthesize cellulose found in cell wall
flagellated sperm
3
Q
sporopollenin
A
prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
4
Q
challenges from moving water->land
A
scarcity of water and lack of structural support
5
Q
alternation of generations
A
process by which plants reproduce
6
Q
gametophytes
A
multicellular haploid organism that produces gametes by mitosis
7
Q
sporophytes
A
multicellular diploid organism that produces spores by meiosis
8
Q
spores
A
haploid reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing to another cell
9
Q
embryophytes
A
multicellular dependent embryo of land plants is such a significant derived trait that land plants are also known as embryophytes
10
Q
sporangia
A
multicellular organs that produce spores
11
Q
apical meristems
A
localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
12
Q
cuticle
A
consists of wax and oher polymers that acts as waterproofing, helping prevent excessive water loss from the aboveground plant organs
13
Q
stomata
A
allowing gas exchange
14
Q
hyphae
A
network of tiny fillaments caled hyphae. consist of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells
15
Q
mycelium
A
hyphae form an interwoven mass called the mycelium that infiltrates the material on which fungus feeds
16
Q
haustoria
A
fungi use to extract nutrients from, or exchange nutrients with, their plant hosts
17
Q
mycorrhizae
A
mutual beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
18
Q
plasmogamy
A
cytoplasms of two parent mycelia fuse
19
Q
karyogomy
A
haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells
20
Q
fungi sex cycle
A
majority haploid
21
Q
vascular tissue
A
cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients througout the plant body
22
Q
vascular plants
A
present day plants w complex vascualr tissue systems
23
Q
bryophytes
A
nonvascular plants that lack an extensive transport system
24
Q
rhizoids
A
bryophytes of today are anchored to the ground by rhizoids, which lack specialized conducting cells and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absportion
25
lycophytes
club mosses and their relatives
26
monilophytes
ferns and their relatives
27
nonvascular plants
| dominant phase
gametophyte
28
seedless vascular plants dominant phase
sporophyte
29
seed plants dominant phase
sporophyte
30
xylem
conducts most of the water and minerals
31
tracheids
tube shaped cells that carry water and mineral up from the roots
32
lignin
polymer
| xylem is lignified, meaning that lignin strengthens it
33
phloem
cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
34
roots
organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil
| anchor vascular plants
35
leaves
increase the surface area of the plant body and serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants
36
seed
contains an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat
37
gymnosperms
naked seeds because their seeds are not enclosed in chambers
38
angiosperms
develop inside chambers called ovaries
39
integument
layer of sporophyte tissue
| envelops and protects the tissues that will eventually give rise to the female gametophyte
40
ovule
integument and the tissues it encloses together make up an ovule
inside each ovule, an egg producing female gametophyte develops from a haploid spore
41
pollen grain
consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall
42
pollination
the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules
43
conifers
cone bearing gymnosperms
44
flower
unique angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction
45
sepals
usually green and enclose the flower before it opens
46
petals
brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinaters
47
stamens
produce pollen grains containing male gametophyte sperms
| contains stalk called the feliment anda terminal sac called the anther where pollen is produces
48
carpels
make ovules, which, as in gymnosperms, contain female gametophytes
at the tip of the carpel is a sticky stigma that receives pollen. a style leads from the stigma to the ovary
49
ovary
contains one or more ovules. if fertilized, an ovule develops into a seed
50
fruit
as seeeds develop from ovules after fertilization, the ovary wall thickens and the ovary matures into a fruit
51
lichen
symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism
may have modified roocks and soil as much as they do today, helping pave the way for plants
52
bilateral/radial symmetry
bilateral-symmetric in one direction only
| radial-symmetric in all directions
53
embryo--one cotyledon
monocot
54
leaf venation--veins usually netlike
eudicot
55
roots--taproot (main root) usually represent
eudicot
56
pollen--grain with three opneings
eudicot
57
stems--vascular tissue scattered
monocot
58
flowers--organs occur in multiples of 3
monocot
59
flowers--organs occur in multiples of 4 or 5
eudicot
60
embryo--two cotyledons
eudicot
61
leaf venation--veins usually parallel
monocot
62
roots--root system usually fibrous (no main root)
monocot
63
pollen--grain with one opneing
monocot
64
taproot
penetrates the soil deeply and helps prevent the plant from toppling
main vertical root
65
lateral roots
role of absorbtion
| branch off from the taproot
66
fibrous root system
small plants
| mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface
67
root hairs
thin finger like extensions of root epidermal cells, emerge and increas the surface area of the root enormously
68
pneumatophores
produced by trees such as mangroves that inhabit tidal swamps. by projecting above the water's surface at low tide, they enable the root system to obtain oxygen, which is lacking in the thick waterlogged mud
69
storage roots
store food and water in their roots
| beet
70
"strangling" aerial roots
strangler fig seeds gerinate in crevices of tall trees. aerial roots grow to the ground, wrapping around the host tree and objects. shoots grow upward and shade out the host tree, killing it
71
stem
organ to which leaves are attached
elongate and orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves
elevate reproductive structures
72
nodes
the points at which leaves are attached
73
internodes
stem segments between nodes
74
apical bud
composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes
75
axillary bud
a structure that can potentially form a lateral branch, or in some cases a thorn or flower
76
rhizomes
a horizontal SHOOT that grows just below the surface
| vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds on the rhizome
77
stolons
horizontal SHOOTs that grow along the surface
| These "runners" enable a plant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along each runner
78
tubers
such as potatoes
enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food
the eyes of a potato are clusters of axillary buds that mark the nodes
79
blade
flattened part of leaf
80
petiole
stalk
| joins leaf to stem at the node
81
veins
vascular tissue of leaves
82
epidermis
layer of tightly packed cells
83
periderm
woody plants
84
tendrils
the tendrils by which this plea plant clings to a support are modified leaves. After it has "lassoed" a support, a tendril forms a coil that brings the plant closer to the support. tendrils are typically modified leaves, but some tendrils are modified stems, as in grapevines
85
spines
spines of cacti are actually leaves; photosynthesis is carried out by the fleshy green stems
86
storage leaves
bulbs have a short underground stem and modified leaves that store food
87
reproductive leaves
leaves of some succulents produce adventitious plantlets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil
88
tracheids
tube shaped cells that carry water and mineral up from the roots
long thin cells with tapered ends
89
ground tissue system
neither dermal nor vascular
90
pith
ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue
91
cortex
ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue
92
parenchyma cells
large central vacuole
| retain the ability to divide and differentiate
93
collenchyma cells
walls are unevenly thickened
| provide flexible support
94
sclerenchyma cells
lignin
| dead at functional maturity
95
vessel elements
wider, shorter, thinner walled, less tapered than tracheids
| the align end to end forming long pipes known as vessels
96
sieve-tube elements
lack nucleus, ribosomes, distinct vacuole, and cytoskeletal elementss
enables nutrients to pass more easily through the cell
97
sieve plates
end walls between sieve tube elements have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube
98
companion cell
along each sieve tube element is a nonconducting cel called a companion cell, which is connected to the sieve-tube element by numerous plasmodesmata
99
indeterminate growth
growth occurs througout a plants life
100
meristems
plants are capable of indeterminate growth because they have perpetually undifferentiated tissues called meristems that divide when conditions permit, leading to new cells that can elongate
101
determinate grwth
they stop growing after they reach a certain size
102
primary growth
growth in length
103
secondary growth
growth in thickness, caused by lateral meristems
104
vascular cambium
adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem
105
cork cambium
replaces the epidermis with thicker tougher periderm
106
root cap
protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through the abrasive soil during primary growth
107
zone of cell division
includes the root apical meristem and its derivatives
108
zone of elongation
where most of the growth occurs as root cells elongate
109
zone of differentiation
cells complete their differentiation and become disticnt cell types
110
endodermis
innermost layer of the cortex, a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder
111
pericycle
the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder
| lateral root pushes through the cortex and epidermis until it emerges from the established root
112
leaf primordia
projections shaped like a cow's horn that emerge along the sides of the shoot apical meristem
113
apical dominance
within each axillary bud is a shoot apical meristem. its dormancty results from inhibition from an active apical bud, a phenomenon called apical dominance
114
guard cells
regulate the opening and closing of the stomatic pore
115
bundle sheath celll
surrounds the vascular tissue
116
palisade mesophyll
one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf
117
spongy mesophyll
below the palisade mesophyll, more space for air
118
bark
includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium
secondary ploem
primary phlem
layers of periderm
119
phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on a stem
| another architectural feature important in light capture
120
transpiration
loss of water from leaves (mostly throguh the stomata) creates a force within leaves that pulls xylem sap upward)
121
apoplast
consists of everything external to the plasma membranes of living cells and includes cell walls, extracellular spaces, and the interior of dead cells
slowest route
122
symplast
consists of the entire mass of cytosol of all the living cells ina plant, as well as the plasmodesmata
least resistance
123
osmosis
diffusion of free water across a membrane to dilute or maintain equilibrium
124
water potential
a quantity that includes the effects of solute concentration and physical pressure
free water moves from regions of higher water potential tp regions of lowre water pottential if there is no barrier to its flow
125
megapascals
unit of pressure (MPa)
126
water potential equation
Ψ=Ψs+Ψp
127
solute potential Ψs
directly proportional to its molarity
128
pressure potential Ψp
0 in an open container
| physical pressure on a solution
129
protoplast
living part of the cell which includes the ;lasma membrane
130
turgor pressure
the cell contents press the plasma membrane against the cell wall, and the cell wall then presses against the protoplast producing what is called turgor pressure
131
flaccid
limp, cell as a result of losing water
132
plasmolysis,
the cell shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall
133
turgid
firm
walled cell with a greater solute concentration that its surroundings
taking in more water
134
aquaporins
transport proteins that facilitate the transmembrane transport of water
135
bulk flow
negative pressure
136
hydroponic culture
plants are grown in mineral solutions instead of soil to determine what is essentail
137
soil plants prefer
most plants prefer slightly acidic soil because the high H+ concentrations can displace positively charged minerals from soil particles, making them more available for absorption
138
nitrogencycle
describes transformations of nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds in nature
N2 in atmosphere----NH# (ammonia)---Nitrite----Nitrate which plants can uptake or can be denitrified and sent back into the atmosphere
139
nitrogen fixation
process of reducing N2 to NH3
140
casparian strip
forces water and minerals that are massively moving through the apoplast to cross the plasma membrane of an endodermal cell before they can enter the vascular cylinder
141
xylem sap
water and dissolving minerals in the xylem
142
circadian rhythms
cycles with intervals of 24 hours
143
why stomata open
light stimulates guard cells to accumulate K+
depletion of CO2
circadian rhythm
144
phloem sap
solution that flows through sieve tubes
145
sugar source
plant organ that is a net producer of sugar, by photosynthesis or breakdown of starch
146
sugar sink
organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar
