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exam 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

charophytes

A

most closely related to plants

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2
Q

similarities between plants and charophytes

A

protein rings synthesize cellulose found in cell wall

flagellated sperm

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3
Q

sporopollenin

A

prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

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4
Q

challenges from moving water->land

A

scarcity of water and lack of structural support

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5
Q

alternation of generations

A

process by which plants reproduce

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6
Q

gametophytes

A

multicellular haploid organism that produces gametes by mitosis

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7
Q

sporophytes

A

multicellular diploid organism that produces spores by meiosis

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8
Q

spores

A

haploid reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing to another cell

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9
Q

embryophytes

A

multicellular dependent embryo of land plants is such a significant derived trait that land plants are also known as embryophytes

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10
Q

sporangia

A

multicellular organs that produce spores

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11
Q

apical meristems

A

localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

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12
Q

cuticle

A

consists of wax and oher polymers that acts as waterproofing, helping prevent excessive water loss from the aboveground plant organs

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13
Q

stomata

A

allowing gas exchange

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14
Q

hyphae

A

network of tiny fillaments caled hyphae. consist of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells

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15
Q

mycelium

A

hyphae form an interwoven mass called the mycelium that infiltrates the material on which fungus feeds

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16
Q

haustoria

A

fungi use to extract nutrients from, or exchange nutrients with, their plant hosts

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17
Q

mycorrhizae

A

mutual beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

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18
Q

plasmogamy

A

cytoplasms of two parent mycelia fuse

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19
Q

karyogomy

A

haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells

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20
Q

fungi sex cycle

A

majority haploid

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21
Q

vascular tissue

A

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients througout the plant body

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22
Q

vascular plants

A

present day plants w complex vascualr tissue systems

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23
Q

bryophytes

A

nonvascular plants that lack an extensive transport system

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24
Q

rhizoids

A

bryophytes of today are anchored to the ground by rhizoids, which lack specialized conducting cells and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absportion

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25
Q

lycophytes

A

club mosses and their relatives

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26
Q

monilophytes

A

ferns and their relatives

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27
Q

nonvascular plants

dominant phase

A

gametophyte

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28
Q

seedless vascular plants dominant phase

A

sporophyte

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29
Q

seed plants dominant phase

A

sporophyte

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30
Q

xylem

A

conducts most of the water and minerals

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31
Q

tracheids

A

tube shaped cells that carry water and mineral up from the roots

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32
Q

lignin

A

polymer

xylem is lignified, meaning that lignin strengthens it

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33
Q

phloem

A

cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

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34
Q

roots

A

organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil

anchor vascular plants

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35
Q

leaves

A

increase the surface area of the plant body and serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

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36
Q

seed

A

contains an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat

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37
Q

gymnosperms

A

naked seeds because their seeds are not enclosed in chambers

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38
Q

angiosperms

A

develop inside chambers called ovaries

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39
Q

integument

A

layer of sporophyte tissue

envelops and protects the tissues that will eventually give rise to the female gametophyte

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40
Q

ovule

A

integument and the tissues it encloses together make up an ovule
inside each ovule, an egg producing female gametophyte develops from a haploid spore

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41
Q

pollen grain

A

consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall

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42
Q

pollination

A

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules

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43
Q

conifers

A

cone bearing gymnosperms

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44
Q

flower

A

unique angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

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45
Q

sepals

A

usually green and enclose the flower before it opens

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46
Q

petals

A

brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinaters

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47
Q

stamens

A

produce pollen grains containing male gametophyte sperms

contains stalk called the feliment anda terminal sac called the anther where pollen is produces

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48
Q

carpels

A

make ovules, which, as in gymnosperms, contain female gametophytes
at the tip of the carpel is a sticky stigma that receives pollen. a style leads from the stigma to the ovary

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49
Q

ovary

A

contains one or more ovules. if fertilized, an ovule develops into a seed

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50
Q

fruit

A

as seeeds develop from ovules after fertilization, the ovary wall thickens and the ovary matures into a fruit

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51
Q

lichen

A

symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism
may have modified roocks and soil as much as they do today, helping pave the way for plants

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52
Q

bilateral/radial symmetry

A

bilateral-symmetric in one direction only

radial-symmetric in all directions

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53
Q

embryo–one cotyledon

A

monocot

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54
Q

leaf venation–veins usually netlike

A

eudicot

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55
Q

roots–taproot (main root) usually represent

A

eudicot

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56
Q

pollen–grain with three opneings

A

eudicot

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57
Q

stems–vascular tissue scattered

A

monocot

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58
Q

flowers–organs occur in multiples of 3

A

monocot

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59
Q

flowers–organs occur in multiples of 4 or 5

A

eudicot

60
Q

embryo–two cotyledons

A

eudicot

61
Q

leaf venation–veins usually parallel

A

monocot

62
Q

roots–root system usually fibrous (no main root)

A

monocot

63
Q

pollen–grain with one opneing

A

monocot

64
Q

taproot

A

penetrates the soil deeply and helps prevent the plant from toppling
main vertical root

65
Q

lateral roots

A

role of absorbtion

branch off from the taproot

66
Q

fibrous root system

A

small plants

mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface

67
Q

root hairs

A

thin finger like extensions of root epidermal cells, emerge and increas the surface area of the root enormously

68
Q

pneumatophores

A

produced by trees such as mangroves that inhabit tidal swamps. by projecting above the water’s surface at low tide, they enable the root system to obtain oxygen, which is lacking in the thick waterlogged mud

69
Q

storage roots

A

store food and water in their roots

beet

70
Q

“strangling” aerial roots

A

strangler fig seeds gerinate in crevices of tall trees. aerial roots grow to the ground, wrapping around the host tree and objects. shoots grow upward and shade out the host tree, killing it

71
Q

stem

A

organ to which leaves are attached
elongate and orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves
elevate reproductive structures

72
Q

nodes

A

the points at which leaves are attached

73
Q

internodes

A

stem segments between nodes

74
Q

apical bud

A

composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes

75
Q

axillary bud

A

a structure that can potentially form a lateral branch, or in some cases a thorn or flower

76
Q

rhizomes

A

a horizontal SHOOT that grows just below the surface

vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds on the rhizome

77
Q

stolons

A

horizontal SHOOTs that grow along the surface

These “runners” enable a plant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along each runner

78
Q

tubers

A

such as potatoes
enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food
the eyes of a potato are clusters of axillary buds that mark the nodes

79
Q

blade

A

flattened part of leaf

80
Q

petiole

A

stalk

joins leaf to stem at the node

81
Q

veins

A

vascular tissue of leaves

82
Q

epidermis

A

layer of tightly packed cells

83
Q

periderm

A

woody plants

84
Q

tendrils

A

the tendrils by which this plea plant clings to a support are modified leaves. After it has “lassoed” a support, a tendril forms a coil that brings the plant closer to the support. tendrils are typically modified leaves, but some tendrils are modified stems, as in grapevines

85
Q

spines

A

spines of cacti are actually leaves; photosynthesis is carried out by the fleshy green stems

86
Q

storage leaves

A

bulbs have a short underground stem and modified leaves that store food

87
Q

reproductive leaves

A

leaves of some succulents produce adventitious plantlets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil

88
Q

tracheids

A

tube shaped cells that carry water and mineral up from the roots
long thin cells with tapered ends

89
Q

ground tissue system

A

neither dermal nor vascular

90
Q

pith

A

ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue

91
Q

cortex

A

ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue

92
Q

parenchyma cells

A

large central vacuole

retain the ability to divide and differentiate

93
Q

collenchyma cells

A

walls are unevenly thickened

provide flexible support

94
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

lignin

dead at functional maturity

95
Q

vessel elements

A

wider, shorter, thinner walled, less tapered than tracheids

the align end to end forming long pipes known as vessels

96
Q

sieve-tube elements

A

lack nucleus, ribosomes, distinct vacuole, and cytoskeletal elementss
enables nutrients to pass more easily through the cell

97
Q

sieve plates

A

end walls between sieve tube elements have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube

98
Q

companion cell

A

along each sieve tube element is a nonconducting cel called a companion cell, which is connected to the sieve-tube element by numerous plasmodesmata

99
Q

indeterminate growth

A

growth occurs througout a plants life

100
Q

meristems

A

plants are capable of indeterminate growth because they have perpetually undifferentiated tissues called meristems that divide when conditions permit, leading to new cells that can elongate

101
Q

determinate grwth

A

they stop growing after they reach a certain size

102
Q

primary growth

A

growth in length

103
Q

secondary growth

A

growth in thickness, caused by lateral meristems

104
Q

vascular cambium

A

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

105
Q

cork cambium

A

replaces the epidermis with thicker tougher periderm

106
Q

root cap

A

protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through the abrasive soil during primary growth

107
Q

zone of cell division

A

includes the root apical meristem and its derivatives

108
Q

zone of elongation

A

where most of the growth occurs as root cells elongate

109
Q

zone of differentiation

A

cells complete their differentiation and become disticnt cell types

110
Q

endodermis

A

innermost layer of the cortex, a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder

111
Q

pericycle

A

the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder

lateral root pushes through the cortex and epidermis until it emerges from the established root

112
Q

leaf primordia

A

projections shaped like a cow’s horn that emerge along the sides of the shoot apical meristem

113
Q

apical dominance

A

within each axillary bud is a shoot apical meristem. its dormancty results from inhibition from an active apical bud, a phenomenon called apical dominance

114
Q

guard cells

A

regulate the opening and closing of the stomatic pore

115
Q

bundle sheath celll

A

surrounds the vascular tissue

116
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf

117
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

below the palisade mesophyll, more space for air

118
Q

bark

A

includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium
secondary ploem
primary phlem
layers of periderm

119
Q

phyllotaxy

A

arrangement of leaves on a stem

another architectural feature important in light capture

120
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water from leaves (mostly throguh the stomata) creates a force within leaves that pulls xylem sap upward)

121
Q

apoplast

A

consists of everything external to the plasma membranes of living cells and includes cell walls, extracellular spaces, and the interior of dead cells
slowest route

122
Q

symplast

A

consists of the entire mass of cytosol of all the living cells ina plant, as well as the plasmodesmata
least resistance

123
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of free water across a membrane to dilute or maintain equilibrium

124
Q

water potential

A

a quantity that includes the effects of solute concentration and physical pressure
free water moves from regions of higher water potential tp regions of lowre water pottential if there is no barrier to its flow

125
Q

megapascals

A

unit of pressure (MPa)

126
Q

water potential equation

A

Ψ=Ψs+Ψp

127
Q

solute potential Ψs

A

directly proportional to its molarity

128
Q

pressure potential Ψp

A

0 in an open container

physical pressure on a solution

129
Q

protoplast

A

living part of the cell which includes the ;lasma membrane

130
Q

turgor pressure

A

the cell contents press the plasma membrane against the cell wall, and the cell wall then presses against the protoplast producing what is called turgor pressure

131
Q

flaccid

A

limp, cell as a result of losing water

132
Q

plasmolysis,

A

the cell shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall

133
Q

turgid

A

firm
walled cell with a greater solute concentration that its surroundings
taking in more water

134
Q

aquaporins

A

transport proteins that facilitate the transmembrane transport of water

135
Q

bulk flow

A

negative pressure

136
Q

hydroponic culture

A

plants are grown in mineral solutions instead of soil to determine what is essentail

137
Q

soil plants prefer

A

most plants prefer slightly acidic soil because the high H+ concentrations can displace positively charged minerals from soil particles, making them more available for absorption

138
Q

nitrogencycle

A

describes transformations of nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds in nature
N2 in atmosphere—-NH# (ammonia)—Nitrite—-Nitrate which plants can uptake or can be denitrified and sent back into the atmosphere

139
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process of reducing N2 to NH3

140
Q

casparian strip

A

forces water and minerals that are massively moving through the apoplast to cross the plasma membrane of an endodermal cell before they can enter the vascular cylinder

141
Q

xylem sap

A

water and dissolving minerals in the xylem

142
Q

circadian rhythms

A

cycles with intervals of 24 hours

143
Q

why stomata open

A

light stimulates guard cells to accumulate K+
depletion of CO2
circadian rhythm

144
Q

phloem sap

A

solution that flows through sieve tubes

145
Q

sugar source

A

plant organ that is a net producer of sugar, by photosynthesis or breakdown of starch

146
Q

sugar sink

A

organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar

AP Bio (12 decks)

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