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exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic compound

A

any compound containing carbon

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2
Q

macromolecules

A

huge molecules

ex: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

valence

A

the number of unpaired electrons in the outer shell of an atom

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4
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

functional groups

A

the chemical groups tat affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

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6
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP, important organic compound for storing energy

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7
Q

polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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8
Q

monomer

A

the repeating units that are the building blocks of a polymer

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9
Q

enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions

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10
Q

dehydration reaction

A

when water is taken away frorm two molecules and creates a bond, energy is absorbed

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11
Q

hydrolysis

A

water is added, bonds broken, energy released

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12
Q

carbohydrates

A

include both sugars and polymers of sugars

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13
Q

monosaccharides

A

most simple sugars

have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O

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14
Q

cellular respiration

A

cells extract energy from glucose in a series of reactions that break down its molecules

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15
Q

disacchiride

A

two monosaccharides

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16
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed between two monosacharides in a dehydration reaction

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17
Q

polysaccharides

A

macromolecules

polymers with a few hundred to few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

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18
Q

starch

A

plant storage of polysaccharide, polymer of glucose monomers

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19
Q

glycogen

A

animal storage of polysaccharide, polymer of glucose monomers

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20
Q

cellulose

A

major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

most organic compound on earth

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21
Q

chitin

A

the carbohydrate used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, and related animals) to build their exoskeletons

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22
Q

lipids

A

generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules
they mix poorly with water
polymer of fatty acid

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23
Q

fat

A

constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

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24
Q

glycerol

A

alcohol

each of its three carbons bears a hydroxyl group

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25
Q

fatty acids

A

long carbon skeleton, carbon at one end of the skeleton is pat of a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives these molecules the name fatty acid
the rest of the skeleton consists of a hydrocarbon chain

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26
Q

triacylglycerol

A

three fatty acid molecules joined to glycerol by an ester linkage

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27
Q

ester linkage

A

a bond between hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

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28
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

if there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton

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29
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

has one or more double bonds

with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon

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30
Q

phospholipid

A

major constituents for cell membranes

similar to a fat molecule but only has two fatty acides attached to glycerol rather than 3

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31
Q

steroids

A

lipids are characterize by a carbon skeleton consisting of four confused rings

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32
Q

cholestorol

A

crucial steroid in animals
common component of animal cell memberanes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
such as the vertebrate sex hormones estrogen and testosterone

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33
Q

catalysts

A

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction

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34
Q

polypeptides

A

proteins are made up of polymers of amino acids called this

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35
Q

protein

A

biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimension structure

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36
Q

amino acid

A

organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group

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37
Q

peptide bond

A

when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they can become joined by a dehydration reaction, with the removal of a water molecule
the resulting covalent bond is a peptide bond

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38
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

is its sequence of amino acids

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39
Q

secondary structure

A

Most proteins have segments of their polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns that contribute to the protein’s overall shape. these coils and folds are collectively referred to the secondary structure

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40
Q

a helix

A

type of secondary structure

a delicate could held together by hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polyeptide backbone

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41
Q

B pleated sheet

A

other type of secondary structure
in this structure two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of polypeptide backbone

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42
Q

tertiary structure

A

overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions from between the side chains (R groups) of various amino acids

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43
Q

hydrophobic interaction

A

as polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic (nonpolar) side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water
caused by exclusion of nonpolar substances by water molecules

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44
Q

disulfide bridges

A

covalent bonds that may further reinfores the shape of a protein

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45
Q

quaternary structure

A

is the overall protein structure that results form te aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

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46
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

an inherited blood disorder
caused by the substitution of one amino acid
fro the normal one at a particular position in the primary structure of hemoglobin
the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

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47
Q

denaturation

A

if the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of its environment are altered, the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein may be destroyed, causing the protein to unravel and lose its native shaped

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48
Q

X ray crystallography

A

the method most commonly used to determine the 3D shape of a protein
depends on the diffraction of an X ray beam by the atoms of a crystallized molecule

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49
Q

gene

A

the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritence known as a gene

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50
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

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51
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA provides directions for its own replication and directs RNA synthesis and through RNA, controls protein synthesis

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52
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

RNA is single stranded and helps do the protein thing

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53
Q

polynucleotides

A

nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides

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54
Q

nucleotides

A

composed of three parts
nitrogen containing base
five carbon sugar
one or more phosphate groups

55
Q

pyrimidine

A

has one 6 membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

C, T, and U

56
Q

Purines

A

larger that pyrimidine, with 6 member ring fused to a 5 member ring
A, G

57
Q

deoxyribose

A

sugar in DNA

58
Q

ribose

A

sugar in RNA

59
Q

double helix

A

shape of DNA

60
Q

antiparallel

A

arrangement of DNA sugar phosphate backbones

61
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

62
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

63
Q

compound

A

substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ration

64
Q

emergent properties

A

ones not possessed by its constituents; a copound has physical characteristics different from those of its elements

65
Q

essential elements

A

an organism needs them to live a healthy life and reproduce, some variation among organisms
oxygen carbon hydrogen and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter

66
Q

trace elements

A

are required by an organism in only minute qualitites

67
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of the element

68
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons neutrons electrons (basic)

69
Q

atomic nucleus

A

protons and neutrons packed in dense core

70
Q

dalton

A

unit of measurement for subatomic particles

71
Q

atomic number

A

of protons and is written as subscrpt to the left of a symbol for element

72
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons plus neutrons written as superscript to the left of a symbol for an element

73
Q

atomic mass

A

mass number, approximation of the total mass of an atom

74
Q

istopes

A

differeent atomic forms oof same element, different amount of neutrons

75
Q

radioactive isotope

A

nucleus decays spontaneuously, giving off paricles and energy

76
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change, by doing work

77
Q

potential energy

A

the energy that matter possessess because of its location or structure
matter has a natural tendency to move to the lowest possible state of potential energy

78
Q

electron shells

A

where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level
electrons exist in the lowest available state of potential energy

79
Q

what happens to energy when electrons move further from the nucleus

A

absorbed

80
Q

what happens to energy when electrons move towards the nucles

A

lost

81
Q

valence shell/ valence electrons

A

outer shell and electrons in that shell

82
Q

chemical bonds

A

atoms sharing or transfering valence electrons

strongest bonds are covalent and ionic

83
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

84
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

85
Q

molecular versus structural formula

A

molecular has subscripts and stuff
structural shows u the structure

EX: H2

versus

H—-H

86
Q

single versus double bond

A

difference between sharing one pair of valence electrons or two pairs

87
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

the more electronegative, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

88
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity

89
Q

polar covalent bond

A

when an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally

90
Q

ion

A

charged atom or molecule

91
Q

cation

A

positive charged ion

92
Q

anion

A

negative charged ion

93
Q

ionic bond

A

cations and anions attract eachother creating this bond

transfers of electrons causethis attraction

94
Q

ionic compounds

A

or salts

compounds formed by ionic bonds

95
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom is called a hydrogen bond

96
Q

van der waals interactions

A

extremely weakbonds

only occur when atoms and molecules are very close together

97
Q

chemical reactions

A

the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter

98
Q

reactants and products

A

what the reaction begins with and hwat it ends with

99
Q

polar molecule

A

the unequal sharing of electrons and water’s v shape make it a polar molecule, meaning that its overall charge is unevenly distributed

100
Q

cohesion

A

hydrogen bonds hold the water together

101
Q

adhesion

A

clinging of water to other things

102
Q

surface tension

A

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

103
Q

kinetic energy

A

anything that moves has it

the energy of motion

104
Q

thermal energy

A

the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

105
Q

temperature

A

represents the average kinetic energy of molecules, regardless of volume

106
Q

heat

A

thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

107
Q

calorie

A

amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C

108
Q

kilocalorie

A

(kcal)

1000 calories is the quanitity of heat required to raise the temp of 1 kg of water by 1 dg C

109
Q

joule

A

another energy unit
one joule equals .239 cal
one cal equals 4.184 j

110
Q

specific heat

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C

111
Q

heat in relation to hydrogen bonds

A

heat is absorbed to break hydrogen bonds

heat is released when hydrogen bonds form

112
Q

evaporation

A

transformation form a liquid to gas

113
Q

heat of vaporization

A

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

114
Q

evaporative cooling

A

as liquid evaporates, the survace of the liquid that remains behind cools down
the hottest molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the ones ost likely to leave as a gas

115
Q

density of water’s forms

A

less dense as a solid than a liquid

116
Q

solution

A

the liquid hat is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

117
Q

solvent

A

the dissolving agent o fa solution

118
Q

solute

A

substance dissolved

119
Q

aqueous solution

A

water is solvent

120
Q

hydration shell

A

the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

121
Q

hydrophilic

A

any substance with an affinity of water

122
Q

hydrophobic

A

substances that repel water, nonpolar usuallyl

123
Q

molecular mass

A

sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

124
Q

mole (mol)

A

an exact # of objects: 6.02x10^23

Avogadro’s numba

125
Q

molarity

A

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

unit of concentration most often used by biologists for aqueous solutions

126
Q

hydrogen ion

A

a single proton withna charge of 1+

127
Q

hydroxide ion

A

water molecule that lost a proton

128
Q

hydronium ion

A

H30+

129
Q

acid

A

substance that increases the hydrogen ion of a solution

More H+ than OH-

130
Q

base

A

substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
(More OH- than H+)

131
Q

pH

A

negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

132
Q

Acidic pH and basic pH

A

0-7 is acidic
7 is neutral
7-14 is basic

133
Q

buffer

A

substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

AP Bio (12 decks)

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