Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology I > Exam#6 Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Exam#6 Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

-a molecule released in one part of the body that regulates activity in another part of the body

A

hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into the body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body
  • sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, and digestive glands
A

exocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

-secrete their products (hormones) into interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather than into ducts

A

endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

-endocrine and nervous systems both target ______

A

communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

-neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses, are molecules in the ______ system

A

nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

-hormones delivered to tissues throughout body by blood, are molecules of the ______ system

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

-in the _______ system, the site of action is close to site of release, at synapse, binds to receptors in postsynaptic membrane

A

nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

-in the ______ system, the site of action is far from the site of release (usually), binds to receptors on or in target cells

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

-target cells in the _____ system are muscle (smooth,cardiac,/and skeletal) cells, gland cells, other neurons

A

nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

-target cells in the ______ system are cells throughout the body

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

-time to onset of action in the _____ system is typically within milliseconds

A

nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

-time to onset of action in the ______ system, is seconds to hours or days

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

-duration of action in the _____ system is generally longer, seconds to days

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

-interstitial fluid—>capillaries—>blood stream—>target throughout the body

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

-the endocrine system relies on the _____ system to carry its products, so endocrine glands are highly ______

A

cardiovascular

vascularized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • helps regulate, extracellular fluid, metabolism, smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, some immune activities
  • control growth and development
  • regulate operate of reproductive systems
  • help establish circadian rhythms
A

functions of endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • most endocrine hormones are ______, they pass from the secretory cells that make them into interstitial fluid and then into the blood
  • circulate in the blood for minutes to hours, eventually deactivated by the liver
A

circulating hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secreted them without entering the bloodstream
  • inactivate quickly
A

local hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

-local hormones that act on neighboring cells are called ______

A

paracrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

-those that act on the same cell that secreted them are called ______

A

autocrines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

-hormones like neurotransmitters influence their target cells by chemically binding to specific protein _______

A

receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

-a decrease in home one time, target cell is less sensitive to a hormone

A

down regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

-increase in hormone time, target cell more sensitive to a hormone

A

up regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • steroid hormones
  • thyroid hormones
  • nitric oxide

-are chemical classes of hormones called ______

A

lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

-derived from cholesterol, different chemical groups bound to the core allow for different functions

A

steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

-iodine plus the amino acid tyrosine, which contains benzene

A

thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

-a gas that functions as a hormone and a NT

A

nitric oxide(NO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

-most lipid-soluble hormones require ______ to make them water soluble and prevent their excretion

A

transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

-up to _____% of a hormones molecules are not bound to transport proteins, this ______ diffuses out of capillaries to bind to receptors

A

10%

free fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

-lipid soluble means ______, it can go through the non-polar centers of plasma membranes and get inside cells

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

-aldosterone, cortisol, androgens (adrenal cortex, calcitriol (kidneys), testosterone (testes), estrogens, progesterone (ovaries)

A

steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

-because lipid-soluble hormones can enter the cell, this has access to the ______ machine, leading to protein production

A

nuclear transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
  • free lipid soluble hormone diffuses into cell
  • activated receptor hormone within cytosol complex alters gene expression
  • newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
  • new proteins alter cells activity

lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors inside target cells

A

action of lipid soluble hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  • anime hormones
  • peptide and protein hormones
  • eicosanoid hormones

are ______ hormones

A

water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

-made by modifying amino acids, but all retain an anime group (-NH3+)

A

amine hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • amino acid polymers, ______ are chains of 3-49, ______ are 50-200
  • several have attached carbs, and are _______
A

peptides

proteins

glycoprotein hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  • are derived from arachidonic acid, a 20 carbon fatty acid

- two major types are prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A

eicosanoid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

-epinephrine, norepinephrine (adrenal medulla), melatonin (pineal gland), histamine (mast cells in connection tissues), serotonin (platelets in blood)

A

amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
  • water soluble hormones are the ______, binding to cell surface receptors that initiate cellular mechanisms
  • the molecule produced by the integral receptor protein is the ______ (here, cAMP)
  • activated ______ will phosphorylate targets (adding a P), which in turn trigger reactions with physiological effects
A

first messenger

second messenger

protein kinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

-_______ is responsible for deactivating cAMP

A

phosphodiesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q
  • binding of hormone (first messenger) to its receptor activates G protein, which activates adenylyl cyclase
  • activated adenylyl converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
  • cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate protein kinases
  • activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins
  • millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses
  • phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP
A

action of water soluble hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

-_______ hormones bind to receptors inside target cells

A

lipid soluble hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

-_______ hormones bind to receptors embedded in the plasma membranes of target cells

A

water soluble hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

-like other systems, hormones can interact to fine-tune the body’s response to ______ demands

A

environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

-normal responses to hormones depend on hormone concentrations and the number of ______, but they are also affected by the actions of other hormones

A

target receptors

46
Q

-a hormones response is increased by simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone

A

permissive effect

47
Q

-hormones acting together to create a greater response, potentially by activating similar second messenger systems

A

synergistic effect

48
Q

-hormones oppose each other’s effects

A

antagonistic effect

49
Q
  • signals from the nervous system
  • chemical changes in the blood
  • other hormones
  • most regulation is via ______ system with a few exceptions
  • example: childbirth
A

prompts secretion and release of hormones

negative feedback

50
Q

-the ______ is the “master gland”, along with the ______, it regulates growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

pituitary

51
Q

-the pituitary is also called the ______

A

hypophysis

52
Q

-the pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the ______, and has two separate portions the anterior and posterior pituitary

A

infundibulum

53
Q
  • via the ______ system: hormones made by the ______ cells are carried to a second capillary network surrounding the ______
  • 5 ______ hormones GHRH, TRH, CRH, PRH, GnRH
  • 2 ______ hormones GHIH, PIH
  • _______ hormones produced by the hypothalamus, have endocrine glands as their targets
A

hypophyseal portal system, neurosecretory cells, anterior pituitary

releasing hormones

inhibiting hormones

tropic hormones

54
Q
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone, also known as somatocrinin (GHRH)
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or (ACTH) and (MSH)
  • prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  • gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), (FSH), (LH)

•these are the releasing hormones of the ________

A

anterior pituitary

55
Q
  • growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), also known as somatostatin
  • prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), which is dopamine *(MSH) also inhibits dopamine

•these are inhibiting hormones of the ______

A

anterior pituitary

56
Q
  • stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, and other tissues to synthesize and secrete insulin-like growth factors (IGF), which in turn promote growth of body tissues
  • acts directly in target cells to enhance lipolysis and decrease glucose uptake
A

growth hormone

57
Q

-stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

58
Q
  • initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens
  • in males, stimulates testes to produce sperm
A

follicle stimulating hormone

59
Q
  • stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation if corpus luteum
  • stimulates testes to produce testosterone
A

luteinizing hormone

60
Q

-together with other hormones, promotes milk production by mammary glands

A

prolactin

61
Q

-stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

62
Q

-exact role in humans is unknown but may influence brain activity, when present in excess, can cause darkening of skin

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

63
Q

-_______ secreted by the adrenal cortex suppresses secretion of CRH and ACTH

A

cortisol (negative feedback)

64
Q

-secretion of ______ is stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone and inhibited by growth hormone inhibiting hormone

A

growth hormone (negative feedback )

65
Q
  • hypoglycemia
  • decreased blood levels of fatty acids
  • increased blood levels of amino acids
  • sympathetic activity
  • deep sleep
  • testosterone, estrogens, thyroid hormones, and ghrelin
A

factors that stimulates growth

66
Q
  • hyperglycemia
  • increased blood levels of fatty acids
  • decreased blood levels of amino acids
  • obesity
  • aging
  • high blood levels of GH and IGFs
A

factors that stop growth

67
Q
  • has no tropic hormones, so portal system

- posterior pituitary doesn’t produce anything, it stores and secreted ______ and ______

A

oxytocin and ADH

68
Q
  • hormones are produced and packaged into vesicles
  • travel to axon terminals
  • exocytosed when the nerve is stimulated
  • travel to targets
A

hypothalamic control of posterior pituitary

69
Q
  • neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete ______ in response to uterine distension and stimulation of nipples
  • stimulates contractions of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth, stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection
A

oxytocin

70
Q
  • neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete ______ in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume, pain, or stress, inhibitors secretion include low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume, and alcohol
  • conserves body water decreasing urine volume, decreases water loss through perspiration, raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles
A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

71
Q
  • hormone receptors are also ______ that beer to be synthesized, and the body regulates the amount of these receptors that are produced
  • the need is based on ______
A

proteins

sensitivity

72
Q
  • if there is a lot of hormones available, there do not have the be many receptors in order for the target cell to get the message
  • high hormone concentrations cause ______, lowering sensitivity
A

down regulation

73
Q

-if a hormone is found in low concentrations, production of receptor cells will be ______, increasing sensitivity, in order to not miss out on an important signal

A

up-regulated

74
Q
  • butterfly-shaped, with right and left lobes connected by an isthmus
  • the only gland that stores its product up to a 100 day supply
A

thyroid gland

75
Q
  • ________ cells in thyroid gland produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyrine (T3)
  • ________ cells produce calcitonin
A

follicular cells

parafollicular cells

76
Q 
*think growth and activity
•increase metabolic rate 
•calorigenic effect (make heat)
•up-regulate catecholamine receptors (permissive effect )
•promote nervous and skeletal growth
A

thyroid hormones

77
Q
  • tones down calcium

- inhibits osteoclasts (bone breakdown) and accelerates bone growth

A

calcitonin

78
Q

-________ is not active in osteoporosis

A

calcitonin

79
Q
  • low blood levels of T3 and T4 or low metabolic rate stimulates release of TRH
  • TRH carried by portal vein to anterior pituitary, stimulates release of TSH by thyrotrophs
  • TSH released into blood stimulates thyroid follicular cells
  • T3 and T4 released into blood by follicular cells
  • elevated T3 inhibits release of TRH and TSH (negative feedback)
A

secretions and actions of thyroid

80
Q
  • located behind the thyroid gland

- has 4 glands: left and right superior and left and right inferior

A

parathyroid gland

81
Q
  • low blood Ca2+ levels stimulate secretion
  • high blood Ca2+ levels inhibit secretion
  • increases blood Ca2+ and Mg levels and decreases blood HPO42- level, increases bone resorption by osteoclasts, increases Ca2+ reabsorption and HPO42- excretion by kidneys, promotes formation of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D), which increases rate of dietary Ca2+ and Mg2+ absorption
A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

82
Q

-calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate blood ______ levels

A

Ca2+

83
Q
  • high level of Ca2+ in blood stimulates thyroid gland parafollicular cells to release more calcitonin
  • calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts decreasing blood Ca2+ level
  • low level of Ca2+ in blood stimulates parathyroid gland chief cells to release more PTH
  • PTH promotes release of Ca2+ from bone extracellular matrix into blood and slows loss of Ca2+ in urine, increasing blood Ca2+ level
  • PTH also stimulates the kidneys to release calcitriol
  • calcitriol stimulates increased absorption of Ca2+ from foods, which increases blood Ca2+ level
A

secretion of calcitonin and PTH

84
Q

-with respect to regulation of blood Ca2+ level, calcitonin and PTH have ______ effects

A

antagonistic

85
Q

-______ glands sit on top of the kidneys

A

adrenal

86
Q
  • mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • androgens

•are hormones of the ______

A

adrenal cortex

87
Q

-in the ______, chromaffin cells produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrena medulla

88
Q
  • increased blood K+ level angiotensin II stimulate secretion
  • increase blood levels of Na+ and water, decrease blood level of K+
  • from zona glomerulosa cells
A

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

89
Q
  • ACTH stimulates release, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) promotes ACTH secretion in response to stress and low blood levels of glucocorticoids
  • increase protein breakdown (except in liver) stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation, depress immune responses
A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

90
Q
  • ACTH stimulates secrete
  • assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair on both sexes, in females, contribute to libido and are source of estrogens after menopause
A

androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA)

91
Q
  • sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, which stimulates secretion
  • enhance effects of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system (ANS) during stress
  • chromaffin cells, source adrenal medulla
A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

92
Q
  • dehydration Na+ deficiency or hemorrhage (not enough ions)
  • decrease in blood volume
  • decrease in blood pressure
  • juxtaglumerular cells of kidneys
  • increased renin
  • adrenal cortex
  • increased aldosterone
  • increased blood volume
A

aldosterone secretion by renin-angiotensin aldosterone (RAA)

93
Q

-increased _________ are mineralcorticoids that increase sodium and water and raise blood pressure

A

aldosterone

94
Q

-in chronic blood pressure aldosterone is ________

A

active

95
Q

-regulate metabolism and resistance to
stress
-simple feedback loop, where the product stops the cycle, controlled by 3 glands: hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids

96
Q

-a high level of CRH and a low level of glucocorticoids promote the release of ACTH, which stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by the ________

A

adrenal cortex

97
Q
  • located between kidneys
  • 99% is cells arranged as acini (clusters) that make digestive enzymes (exocrine)
  • is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
  • had alpha, beta, delta, and F cells
A

pancreas

98
Q

-small clusters called ______ perform endocrine functions

A

pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

99
Q 
-cell type in the pancreatic islets 
•alpha cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•beta cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•delta cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•F cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

glucagon

insulin

somatostatin

pancreatic polypeptide

100
Q

-glycogen turns on when _______ is gone

A

glucose

101
Q

-low blood glucose stimulates release of _______, high blood glucose stimulates secretion of _________

A

glucagon

insulin

102
Q

•low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) stimulates alpha cells to secrete glucagon
•glucagon acts on liver cells to:
-convert glycogen into glucose
-form glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids
•glucose released by liver cells raises blood glucose level to normal
•if blood glucose continues to rise, hyperglycemia inhibits release of glucagon

A

negative feedback of secretion of glucagon

103
Q

-high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) stimulates beta cells to secrete insulin
-insulin acts on various body cells to:
•accelerate facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
•speed conversion of glucose into glycogen
•increase uptake of amino acids and increase protein synthesis
•speed synthesis of fatty acids
-blood glucose level falls
-if blood glucose continues to fall, hypoglycemia inhibits release of insulin

A

negative feedback of secretion of insulin

104
Q
  • decreased blood level of glucose, exercise and mainly protein meals stimulate secretion, somatostatin and insulin inhibit secretion
  • raises blood glucose level by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver, converting other nutrients into glucose in liver, and releasing glucose into blood
A

glucagon

105
Q
  • increased blood level of glucose, acetylcholine, arginine and leucine, glucagon, GIP, GH, and ACTH stimulate secretion, somatostatin inhibits secretion
  • lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen, and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, increasing lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis
A

insulin

106
Q
  • pancreatic polypeptide inhibits secretion

- inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon, slows absorption of nutrients from gastrointestinal tract

A

somatostatin

107
Q
  • meals containing protein, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia stimulate secretion, somatostatin and elevated blood glucose level inhibit secretion
  • inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes
A

pancreatic polypeptide

108
Q

-glucagon and insulin suppress the secretion of each other
•ACTH, GH, digestion and absorption of food, ups the secretion of _______
•increased activity of ANS, exercise increases ______

A

insulin

glucagon

109
Q

-________ puts glucose in cells

A

insulin

110
Q
  • small gland attached to the 3rd ventricle of the brain
  • secreted melatonin, a sleep cycle regulator
  • during the day, low levels secreted rhythmically
  • at night, 10 fold increase of blood levels, decline before awakening
A

pineal gland

111
Q
  • located behind sternum, between the lungs

- thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THY), thymic factor (TF), and thymopoetin promote maturation of T cells

A

thymus

112
Q
  • skin: vitamin D
  • GI: digestion and insulin
  • placenta: pregnancy and lactation
  • kidneys: renin, RAA system, EPO blood cells
  • heart: decreases BP
  • adipose tissue: suppresses appetite
A

hormones by other organs that contain endocrine cells

Biology I (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions