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Biology I > Exam # 3 Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Exam # 3 Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q
  • the voluntary controlled muscles of your body

- skeletal muscles that produce movements do so by exerting force on tendons

A

muscular system

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2
Q

-attachment of muscles tendon to a stationary bone

A

origin

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3
Q

-attachment to the movable bone

A

insertion

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4
Q

-the fleshy portion of the muscle

A

belly

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5
Q

-the _____ of a muscle are the main movements that occur when the muscle contracts

A

actions

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6
Q

-reverse muscle action, origin and insertion are switched

A

reverse muscle action (RMA)

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7
Q

-in the limbs, the _____ of a muscle is usually proximal and the insertion is usually distal

A

origin

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8
Q

-a ____ is a rigid structure that can move around a fixed point called a _____

A

lever

fulcrum

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9
Q
  • the ____ causes movement

- the _____ or resistance opposes movement

A

effort

load

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10
Q
  • the _____ is the force exerted by muscular contraction

- the weight of the body part that is moved or resistance that the moving part is trying to overcome is the _____

A

effort

load

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11
Q

-the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort further from the fulcrum , then a small effort is required to move a load over a small distance

A

mechanical advantage

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12
Q

-the load is farther from the fulcrum and the effort is applied closer to the fulcrum, then a large effort is required to move a small load (but at a greater speed)

A

mechanical disadvantage

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13
Q
  • first class lever, ex: scissors and seasaw

- can be mechanical disadvantage or advantage

A

effort (E) fulcrum (F) load (L)

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14
Q
  • the second lever, ex: wheelbarrow

- always produces a mechanical advantage

A

effort (E) load (L) fulcrum (F)

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15
Q
  • third lever, ex: operate like forceps
  • most common levers in the body
  • mechanical disadvantage
A

fulcrum (F) effort (E) load (L)

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16
Q

-in order to generate more power, you need more muscle fibers contracting (cross sectional area), not a greater _____

A

length

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17
Q

-skeletal muscle fibers within a muscle are arranged in bundles called _____, that are all _____to each other

A

fascicles

parallel

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18
Q

-fascicles can increase strength if joined in _____, or provide greater _____ if arranged differently

A

parallel

range of motion

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19
Q
  • all muscles contract with _____ contractions
  • location of the _____tells you what is moving
  • the _____ the muscle the stronger
A

forced

fulcrum

thicker

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20
Q
  • the _____ muscles contracts to cause an action
  • the _____ muscle stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover
  • they are usually located on the opposite sides of the other in bone or joints
A

agonist (prime mover)

antagonist

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21
Q
  • to prevent unwanted movements at intermediate joints/aid the movement of prime movers muscles called _____ contract and stabilize the intermediate joints
  • ex: muscles that flex the fingers
A

synergistic

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22
Q
  • muscles the stabilize the origin of the prime mover so it can be move efficient
  • steady the proximal end whole movement occurs at the distal end
  • ex: the scapula is a freely movable bone that serves as an origin for several muscles in the arm
A

fixators

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23
Q
  • fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate at either end in flat tendons
  • ex: sternohyoid muscle
A

parallel

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24
Q
  • fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate in flat tendons, muscle tapers toward tendons, where diameter is less than at belly
  • ex: digastric muscle
A

fusiform

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25
Q
  • fascicles in concentric circular arrangements from sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice (opening)
  • ex: orbicularis oculi muscle
A

circular

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26
Q
  • fascicles spread over broad area converge at thick central tendon, gives muscle a triangular appearance
  • ex: pectoralis major muscle
A

triangular

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27
Q

-short fascicles in relation to total muscle length, tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle

A

pennate

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28
Q
  • fascicles arranged on only one side of tendon

- ex: extensor digitorum longus muscle

A

unipennate

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29
Q
  • fascicles arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons
  • ex: rectus femoris muscle
A

bipennate

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30
Q
  • fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons
  • ex: deltoid muscle
A

multipennate

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31
Q
  • parallel to midline

- ex: rectus abdominis

A

rectus

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32
Q
  • perpendicular to midline

- ex: transversus abdominis

A

transverse

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33
Q
  • diagonal to midline

- ex: external oblique

A

oblique

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34
Q
  • largest

- smallest

A

maximus

minimus

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35
Q
  • long

- short

A

longus

brevis

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36
Q
  • widest

- longest

A

latissimus

longissimus

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37
Q
  • large

- larger

A

magnus

major

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38
Q
  • smaller

- huge

A

minor

vastus

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39
Q
  • triangular

- trapezoid

A

deltoid

trapezius

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40
Q
  • saw-toothed

- diamond-shaped

A

serratus

rhomboid

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41
Q
  • circular

- flat

A

orbicularis

platys

42
Q
  • square, four-sided

- slender

A

quadratus

gracilis

43
Q
  • decrease joint angle

- increase joint angle

A

flexor

extensor

44
Q
  • moves bone away from midline

- moves bone closer to midline

A

abductor

adductor

45
Q
  • raises or elevates body part

- lowers or depresses body part

A

levator

depressor

46
Q
  • turns palm anteriorly

- turns palm posteriorly

A

supinator

pronator

47
Q
  • decreases size of an opening
  • makes body part rigid
  • rotates bone around longitudinal axis
A

sphincter

tensor

rotator

48
Q
  • two origins
  • three origins
  • four origins
A

biceps

triceps

quadriceps

49
Q

-most movements require several muscles acting in a _____ rather than individually

A

groups

50
Q
  • origin: medial wall of orbit
  • insertion: circular path around orbit
  • action: closes eye
A

orbicularis oculi

51
Q
  • origin: muscle fibers surrounding opening of mouth
  • insertion: skin at corner of mouth
  • action: closes and protrudes lips (kissing), shapes lips during speech
A

orbicularis oris

52
Q
  • strongest muscle of mastication
  • origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch
  • insertion: angle and ramus of mandible
  • action: elevates mandible, closing mouth
A

masseter

53
Q
  • origin: fascia over deltoid and pectoralis major muscles
  • insertion: mandible, blends with muscles around angle of mouth, and skin of lower face
  • action: draws outer part of lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly as in pouting, depresses mandible
A

platysma

54
Q
  • origin: sternal head, manubrium of sternum, clavicular head, medial 3rd of clavicle
  • insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchial line of occipital bone
  • action: flex cervical portion of vertebral column, extend head at occipital joints, laterally flex neck and head to same side and opposite side of contracting muscle. RMA: elevate sternum during forced inhalation
A

sternocleidomastoid

55
Q
  • large flat, triangular sheet, most superficial back muscle
  • superior nuchal line of occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae and spines C7-T12
  • insertion: clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
  • action: superior fibers upward rotate scapula, middle fibers adduct scapula, inferior fibers depress and upward rotate scapula, RMA: superior fibers can help extend head
A

trapezius

56
Q
  • lies deep in trapezius
    origin: spines of T2-T5
  • insertion: vertebral border of scapula, inferior to spine
  • action: elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward, stabilizes scapula
A

rhomboid major

57
Q
  • lies deep in trapezius
  • origin: spines of C7-T1
  • insertion: vertebral border of the scapula superior to spine
  • action: elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward, stabilizes scapula
A

rhomboid minor

58
Q

-origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
-insertion: cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
-action: flexes vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and childbirth
RMA: flexes pelvis on the vertebral column

A

rectus abdominis

59
Q
  • superficial abdominal muscle
  • origin: ribs 5-12
  • insertion: iliac crest and linea alba
  • action: acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column, laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion and rotate vertebral column
A

external oblique

60
Q
  • intermediate flat muscle of abdominal muscle
  • origin: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and thoracolumbar fascia
  • insertion: cartilage of ribs 7-10 and línea alba
  • action: compress abdomen and flex vertebral column, laterally flex vertebral column,especially lumbar portion
A

internal oblique

61
Q
  • deep muscle around abdominal wall
  • origin: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, and cartilages of ribs 5-10
  • insertion: xiphoid process, línea alba and pubis
  • action: compresses abdomen
A

transversus abdominis

62
Q
  • origin: xiphoid process of sternum, costal cartilages and adjacent portions of ribs 7-12, lumbar vertebrae and their intervertebral discs
  • insertion: central tendon
  • action: contraction causes it to flatten and increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity resulting in inhalation, relaxation causes it to move superiorly and decrease dimension,exhalation
A

diaphragm

63
Q

-superficial layer of intercostal spaces
-origin: inferior border of rib above
-insertion: superior border of rib below
-action: contraction elevates ribs and increases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation
relaxation depresses ribs, resulting in exhalation

A

external intercostals

64
Q
  • intermediate layer of intercostal spaces
  • origin: superior border of rib below
  • insertion: inferior border of rib above
  • action: contraction draws adjacent ribs together to further decrease thoracic cavity during forced exhalation
A

internal intercostals

65
Q
  • thin, flat triangular muscle deep in petoralis major
  • origin: ribs 2-5, 3-5, or 2-4
  • insertion: coracoid process of scapula
  • actions: abducts scapula and rotates it downward RMA: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation when scapula is fixed
A

pectoralis minor

66
Q
  • large, flat fan-shaped muscle, saw-toothed appearance
  • origin: ribs 1-8, or 1-9
  • insertion: vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
  • action: abducts scapula and rotates it upward. RMA: elevates ribs when scapula is stabilized, known as “boxers muscles” uses for punching and pushing
A

serratus anterior

67
Q
  • large thick fan-shaped muscle, covers superior part of thorax and forms anterior fold of thorax
  • origin: clavicle head, sternum and costal cartilages of ribs 2-6 and sometimes ribs 1-7 (sternocostal head )
    insertion: greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
    action: adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, clavícular head flexes arm, and sternocoatal head extends flexed arm to side of trunk
A

pectoralis major

68
Q
  • broad, triangular muscle located on inferior part of the back that forms most of the posterior wall
  • origin: spines of T7-L5, lumbar vertebrae, crest of sacrum and ilium, ribs 9-12 via thoracolumbar fascia
  • insertion: interubercular sulcus of humerus
  • action: extends, adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly RMA: elevates vertebral column and torso
A

latissimus dorsi

69
Q
  • think powerful shoulder muscle that covers the shoulder joint and forms the rounded contour of the shoulder
  • origin: acromial extremity of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula
  • insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerous
  • action: adduction, flex and medial rotate, extend and laterally rotate
A

deltoid

70
Q
  • rounded muscle named for its location, lies deep in trapezius
  • origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
  • insertion: greater tubercle of humerous
  • action: assists deltoid in abducting arm at shoulder joint
A

supraspinatus

71
Q
  • triangular muscle, named for its location
  • origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
  • insertion: greater tubercle of the humerous
  • action: laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint
A

infraspinatus

72
Q
  • thick, flattened muscle inferior to the teres minor, forms part of posterior wall of axilla
  • origin: inferior angle of scapula
  • insertion: medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerous
  • action: extends arm at shoulder joint, assists in adductionand rotation at shoulder joint
A

teres major

73
Q
  • cylindrical, elongated muscle, inseparable from infraspinatus
  • origin: inferior lateral border of scapula
  • insertion: greater tuberacle of hunerous
  • action: laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint
A

teres minor

74
Q
  • large muscle located on the anterior surface of the arm, has two heads of origin (long and short) both from scapula, spans the shoulder and elbow joint
  • origin: long head originates from tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula
  • insertion: radial tuberosity and biciptal aponeurosis
  • action: flexes forearm at elbow and shoulder joint
A

biceps brachii

75
Q
  • deep to the biceps brachii, most powerful flexor of forearm at elbow joint, the “workhorse”
  • origin: distal, anterior surface of humerous
  • insertion: ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process
  • action: flexes forearm at elbow joint
A

brachialis

76
Q
  • flexes forearm at elbow joint especially when quick movement is required or when a weight is lifted slowly
  • origin: lateral border of distal end of humerous
  • insertion: superior to styloid process of radius
  • action: flexes arm, supinates and pronates forearm
A

brachioradialis

77
Q
  • large muscle in posterior surface of arm, has three heads, more powerful of extensors in forearm
  • origin: long head from infraglenoid tubercle, lateral head from and posterior surface, medial head from entire posterior surface of forearm
  • insertion: olecranon of ulna
  • action: extends forearm
A

triceps brachii

78
Q
  • origin: the head region, articular processes of C4-C7 and transverse processes of T1-T4
  • insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
  • action: extends head and vertebral column, acting alone it rotates the head to same side as cintracting muscle
A

longissimus capitis

79
Q
  • origin: cervical region, transverse processes of T4-T5
  • insertion: transverse processes of C2-C6
  • action: together with longissimus thoracis it extends vertebral column, alone it laterally flex vertebral
A

longissimus cervicis

80
Q
  • origin: thoracic region, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
  • insertion: transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae and ribs 9-10
    action: together with longissimus cervicis it extends vertebral column, alone it laterally flex vertebral
A

longissimus thoracis

81
Q
  • origin: often absent or very small, arises with semispinalis capitis
  • insertion: occipital bone
  • action: together (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) extend vertebral column and head
A

spinalis capitis

82
Q
  • origin: ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7
  • insertion: spinous process of axis
  • action: together (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) extend vertebral column and head
A

spinalis cervicis

83
Q
  • origin: spinous processes of T10-L2
  • insertion: spinous processes of superior thoracic vertebrae
  • action: together (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) extend vertebral column and head
A

spinalis thoracis

84
Q
  • origin: pubis crest and symphysis
  • insertion: linea aspera of femur
  • action: adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint, and rotates thigh
A

adductor longus

85
Q
  • origin: inferior ramus of pubis
  • insertion: superior half of linea aspera of femur
  • action: adducts and flexes at hip joint, and rotates thigh
A

adductor brevis

86
Q
  • origin: inferior ramus of pubis and ischium to ischial tuberosity
  • insertion: linea aspera of femur
  • action: adducts and rotates thigh, anterior part flexes, inferior part extends thigh
A

adductor magnus

87
Q
  • origin: superior ramus of pubis
  • insertion: pectineal line of femur between lesser trochanter and linea aspera
  • action: flexes and adducts thigh at hip joint
A

pectineus

88
Q
  • origin: long straplike muscle, body and inferior ramus of pubis
  • insertion: medial surface of body of tibia
  • action: adducts thigh at hip joint, medially rotates thigh and flexes leg at knee
A

gracilis

89
Q
  • largest muscle in the body, covering most of the anterior surface and sides of thigh, actually a composite muscle, describes as four different muscles
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus intermedius
A

quadriceps femoris

90
Q
  • origin: anterior inferior iliac spine
  • insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
  • action: extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris alone flexes thigh
A

rectus femoris

91
Q
  • origin: greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
  • insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
  • action: extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris alone flexes thigh
A

vastus lateralis

92
Q
  • origin: linea aspera of femur
  • insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
  • action: extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris alone flexes thigh
A

vastus medialis

93
Q
  • origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of the femur
  • insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
  • action: extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris alone flexes thigh
A

vastus intermedius

94
Q
  • long, narrow muscle that forms a band across the thigh from ilium of hip bone to medial side of tibia-origin: anterior superior iliac spine
  • insertion: medial condyle of tibia
  • action: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at the hip joint
A

sartorius

95
Q

-the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are the _____ muscles

A

hamstring

96
Q
  • origin: long head arises from ischial tuberosity, short head arises from linea aspera of femur
  • insertion: head of fibula and condyle of tibia
  • action: flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip joint
A

biceps femoris

97
Q
  • origin: ishial tuberosity
  • insertion: proximal part of medial surface of shaft of tibia
  • action: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint
A

semitendinosus

98
Q
  • origin: ishial tuberosity
  • insertion: medial condyle at tibia
  • action: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint
A

semimembranosus

99
Q
  • largest and heaviest of the three muscles and is one of the largest muscles of the body, chief extensor of the femur
  • origin: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx
  • insertion: iliotibial tract of fascia lata and suprior lateral part of linea aspera ubder greater trochanter of femur
  • action: extends thigh and laterally rotates thigh, helos lock knee in extention
A

gluteus maximus

100
Q
  • mostly deep in gluteus maximus
  • origin: ilium
  • insertion: greater trochanter of femur
  • action: abducts thigh and medial rotates thigh
A

gluteus medius

101
Q
  • origin: iliac crest
  • insertion: tibia by way of ioliotibial tract
  • action: flexes and abducts thigh
A

tensor fasciae latae

102
Q
  • most superficial muscle and forms the prominence of the calf
  • origin: lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee
  • insertion: calcaneus by the way calcaneal (Achilles tendon)
  • action: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint anf flexes leg at knee joint
A

gastrocnemius

Biology I (13 decks)

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