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Biology I > Exam #5 Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Exam #5 Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q
  • shade and protect eyes from excessive light and foreign objects
  • spread lubricating secretions
A

palpebrae (eyelids)

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2
Q
  • reddish elevations medial to nasal bone

- contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

A

lacrimal caruncle

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3
Q

-thin protective mucous membrane composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells

A

conjunctiva

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4
Q
  • passes from the eyelids onto the surface of the eyeball, where it covers the sclera (white of eyeball)
  • vascular
  • bloodshot eyes
A

bulbar conjunctiva

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5
Q
  • transparent region that forms the outer anterior surface of the eyeball
  • curved, helps focus light onto the retina
  • receives oxygen from outside air
  • admits and bends light
A

cornea

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6
Q
  • modified sebaceous glands

- secrete fluids that keeps eyelids from sticking together

A

tarsal glands

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7
Q

-thick fold of connective tissue that forms eyelids

A

tarsal plate

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8
Q

-water, salts, mucus, and lysozyme, a bactericidal enzyme

A

lacrimal fluid (tears)

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9
Q

-lacrimal glands—>excretory lacrimal ducts—>superior or inferior lacrimal canalículi—>lacrimal sac—>nasolacrimal duct—nasal cavity

A

flow of tears

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10
Q

-superficial layer of the eyeball and consist of the anterior cornea and posterior sclera

A

fibrous tunic

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11
Q
  • whites of eye, layer of dense connective tissue made of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
  • covers entire eyeball except cornea, gives shape, protects inner parts, serves as attachment for extrinsic eye muscles
A

sclera

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12
Q
  • middle layer

- composed of choroid, ciliary body, and iris

A

vascular tunic

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13
Q
  • third and inner tunic of the eyeball
  • lines the posterior three-quarters and is the beginning of the visual path-way
  • converts light into receptor potentials and nerve impulses
A

retina

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14
Q
  • lines most of the internal surface is the sclera
  • vascularized. and produces melanocytes
  • melanin absorbs light and prevents light scattering in the eye
A

choroid

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15
Q
  • anterior protein of the vascular tunic
  • ciliary processes contain capillaries and secrete aqueous humor
  • ciliary muscle alters the shape of the lens for near/far vision
A

ciliary body

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16
Q

-colored portion of the eye, regulates amount of light entering the eye

A

iris

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17
Q
  • contract the iris (sphincter pupillae) decreasing pupil size
  • parasympathetic, bright light
A

circular muscles

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18
Q
  • increase pupil size (dilator pupillae)

- sympathetic, dims to light

A

radial muscles

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19
Q
  • sheet of melanin containing epithelial cells

- absorbs stray light rays

A

pigmented layer

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20
Q
  • sends nerve impulses into axons that form optic nerve

- contains 3 layers of retinal neurons: photoreceptors (rods and cones), bipolar cell layer, and ganglion cell layer

A

neural (sensory) layer

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21
Q

-black and white vision, in dim light

A

rods

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22
Q

-color vision, bright light, blue, green, and red

A

cones

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23
Q
  • more medial, site where the optic nerves exits the eye

- blind spot, b/c it has no rods and cones

A

optic disc

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24
Q

-small, flat yellowish spot, exact center of posterior portion of the eye

A

mácula lutea

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25
Q
  • small depression in the center of the macula lutea, dense region
  • contains only cones, area of highest visual acuity
A

fovea centralis

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26
Q
  • photoreceptors (rods & cones)—>bipolar cell layer—>ganglion cell layer—>optic nerve
  • light comes in through optic nerve
A

neural pathway of light

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27
Q
  • behind the pupil and iris, within the cavity of the eyeball is the _____
  • refracts light
A

lens

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28
Q
  • filled with aqueous humor

- has two chambers, the anterior and posterior

A

anterior cavity

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29
Q

-lies between the cornea and the iris

A

anterior chamber

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30
Q
  • lies behind the iris and in front of the lens
  • sometimes can create floaters you see in eye, also contains vitreous body
  • not continuously replaced
A

posterior chamber

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31
Q

-within vitreous chamber, transparent jellylike substance that holds the retina flush against the choroid, given the retina an even surface for the reception of a clear image

A

vitreous body

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32
Q
  • light traveling from one medium into another if a different density is called _____
  • anterior and posterior corneal surfaces and lens refract light
A

refraction

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33
Q
  • ____% of refraction occurs the the cornea

- ____% is the remaining refraction that occurs in the lens which also changes the focus to view near or distant objects

A

75%

25%

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34
Q
  • a surface that curves outward is said to be

- light rays refracted towards each other that will eventually intersect

A

convex

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35
Q
  • if the lens curves inward, it is said to be

- light rays refract away from each other

A

concave

36
Q

-_____for near vision, convex surfaces cause the light to converge (rays get closer together)

A

accommodation

37
Q

-images produces are _____ and _____, but the brain learns (via interacting with objects) how to coordinate the visual inputs with their actual orientation

A

upside and reversed

38
Q
  • light converges before the retina, corrected with diverging lens
  • light enters to early (nearsightedness)
A

myopic

39
Q
  • light converges behind retina, corrected with converging lens
  • light enters late (farsightedness)
A

hyperopic

40
Q
  • irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

- image is out of focus or distorted as a result

A

astigmatism

41
Q

-clouding of the lens

A

cataracts

42
Q

-isn’t a refraction problem, increased intraocular pressure damages optic nerve

A

glaucoma

43
Q
  • in plasma membranes of outer segments of rods and cones

- absorbs light and undergoes a structural change, leading to receptor potential

A

photopigment

44
Q

-single type of photo-pigment in rods is

A

rhodopsin

45
Q
  • 3 different types are in the retina, blue, green, and red

- creates color vision

A

cone photopigments

46
Q
  • all photopigments associated with vision contains two parts:
  • a glycoprotein called _____
  • a derivative of vitamin A called _____
A

opsin and retinal

47
Q

-isomerization—>bleaching(trans-retinal separates from opsin)—>conversión(converts trans to cus-retinal)—>regeneration(cis-retinal binds to opsin)

A

rhodopsin cycle

48
Q

-the process by which light energy is converted into a receptor potential in the outer segment of a photoreceptor

A

transduction

49
Q
  • light causes a conformation change in the photopigment
  • cGMP is broken down, cGMP-gated channels not open
  • less Na+ is allowed in, less NT vesicles bind

**less inhibitory NT’s = positive signal

A

transduction (light—>signal)

50
Q

-lateral inhibition of rods and cones and bipolar cells

A

horizontal cells

51
Q

-lateral inhibition of bipolar and ganglion

A

amacrine cells

52
Q

-optic nerve(II)—>optic chia am—>optic tract—>lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus—>optic radiation—>primary visual area of cerebral cortex

A

visual pathway

53
Q

-the external ear consist off:

A

auricle

external auditory ear

ear drum

54
Q

-collects sound waves

A

auricle

55
Q

-small hairs and ceruminous glands trap dust and foreign objects

A

external auditory canal

56
Q

-transmits sound vibrations to middle ear, eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

57
Q

-the middle ear consist of the auditory ossicles called:

A

malleus (hammer)

incus (anvil)

stapes (stirrup)

58
Q

-base of the stapes fits in the _____ of the inner ear

A

oval window

59
Q

-round window to the inner ear is enclosed by the ______

A

secondary tympanic membrane

60
Q

-connects nasopharynx to middle ear to relieve pressure during swallowing and yawning

A

auditory tube (eustachian tube)

61
Q

-bony labyrinth (inner ear) has 3 parts:

A

semicircular ducts

vestibule

cochlea

62
Q

-the bony labyrinth is lined with periosteum and contains _____ (like CSF), which surrounds the _____

A

perilymph

membranous labyrinth

63
Q

-the membranous labyrinth is filled with _____, which has lots of K+

A

endolymph

64
Q

-branching of the nerve ______ shows which portion of the inner ear is equilibrium and which is for hearing

A

vestibulocochlear VIII

65
Q
  • auricle directs sound waves down canal
  • sound waves cause eardrum to vibrate (slowly for low-frequency, low pitch)
  • vibrations transmitted through ossicles
  • vibrations at oval window 20x more vigorous
  • fluid pressure waves in perilymph (in scala vestíbuli)
  • waves transmitted to scala tympani and eventually round window
  • waves in the SV and ST deform the cochlear duct, causing fluid waves
  • waves in the endolymph move the hair cells, leading to an impulse
  • round window bulges outward towards middle ear (allowing fluid movement)
A

sound wave pattern

66
Q

-oval central portion of the bony labyrinth

A

vestibule

67
Q

-continuation of the membranous labyrinth into the cochlea, filled with endolymph

A

cochlea duct

68
Q

-channel above the cochlear duct, ends at the oval window

A

scala vestibuli

69
Q
  • the receptors for hearing, inside cochlea
  • have inner cells arranged in a single row
  • have outer cells arranged in three rows
  • _____ of the spinal organ convert a mechanical vibration into a receptor potential
A

hair cells

70
Q
  • at the apical tip of each hair cell

- long hairlike microvilli arranged in several rows of graded height

A

stereocilia

71
Q

-alternating high and low pressure regions traveling in the same direction through some medium(such as air)

A

sound waves

72
Q

-______ gated channels are the key in hair cell transduction

A

mechanically

73
Q

-partially open channel, small amount of NT

A

resting hair

74
Q
  • hair cells bend towards the tallest stereocilum

- open channel, high amount of NT

A

strong depolarized hair cell

75
Q
  • hair cells bend away from tallest stereocilium

- closed channel, no NT

A

hyperpolarized hair cell

76
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve VIII-cochlear nuclei (in medulla, some axons may decussate)—>lateral lemincus (on opposite side)—>inferior colliculus(of midbrain)—>superior olivary nucleus—>medical geniculate—>primary auditory area—

A

auditory pathway

77
Q

-the utricle and saccule of the vestibule

A

otolithic organs

78
Q

-attached to inner walls of both the utricle and the saccule, small thickened region

A

macula

79
Q

-layer of dense calcium carbonate crystals

A

otoliths

80
Q
  • functions are analogous

- movement causes displacement of an accessory structure, which moves ______

A

hair cells

81
Q
  • gelatinous material, analogous to otoliths

- as head rotates in one direction, they are dragged through endolymph and bent in opposite direction

A

cupula

82
Q
  • most VC nerve VIII axons go to vestibular nuclei in ______ and ______ (also collects info from other nerves )
  • remaining axons go through ______ to cerebellum
A

medulla and pons

inferior cerebral peduncles

83
Q

-detects linear acceleration or deceleration that occurs in a horizontal direction and also head tilt

A

utricle

84
Q

-detects linear acceleration or deceleration that occur in a vertical direction

A

saccule

85
Q

-ganglion cell layer have ______ cells

A

1st order

86
Q

-trans-retinal can’t receive _____

A

light

Biology I (13 decks)

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